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[Music]

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hello everyone this is martin willis and

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this is the everything else show uh this

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is where i selfishly talk about things

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that interest me and issues that i think

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are important which i think tonight is

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important um it's about climate change i

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i know i already got a comment in the

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message uh box already that climate

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change has happened forever yes we'll

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talk about that we'll talk about all

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sides

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and i have some wonderful ladies with me

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tonight

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one of them is a professor

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uh

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what i think i can call a professor yes

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rebecca newman how are you becca good

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you like to be called becca welcome yes

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thank you

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and we also have megan colleen

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welcome

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thank you

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this show i think it's i think it's a

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very important topic and right off the

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bat um we might as well address what we

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we already had as uh as a comment let me

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get that up here um and

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that climate change has been around us

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since the start of time the world is

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seeing many changes

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so true it's a true

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statement we have i mean that's how this

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earth has developed we've you know over

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the four billion years we've been here

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um you know can you imagine what

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not very livable for a lot of it anyone

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want to um address that

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comment right off the bat

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sure um so that's true uh we have

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experienced some extraordinary uh

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temperature changes throughout earth's

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history and we have been around for a

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very long time this planet i mean this

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planet not we as people um but the issue

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really is the rate of change

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this

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fossil fuel driven the combustion of

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fossil fuels this industrial revolution

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this change driven by the industrial

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revolution has occurred orders of

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magnitude

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faster than nature has ever ever

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accomplished this change um we've done

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this in a couple hundred years about 300

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years

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um

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meanwhile it took earth tens of

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thousands to hundreds of thousands of

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years to go through glacial and

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interglacial periods and that gave all

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of the organisms on on earth time to

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adapt time to evolve time to adjust

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we bipedal um primates humans homo

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sapiens

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we've only been around for about two

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million years and the last three million

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years have been dominated by the glacial

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interglacial cycles

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that we

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know about because they happen most

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recently 20 000 years ago

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so we

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as a species are only

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adapted to live in a certain window of

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temperatures and we're skyrocketing

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to

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carbon dioxide levels not seen since the

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cretaceous period and that's when

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dinosaurs were roaming around so we are

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not adapted to live in conditions that

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we are careening toward very very

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rapidly in an exponential rate

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right what they call the hockey stick

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anything you want to add to that becca

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um yeah i guess i would just try to

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re-emphasize that point you know that um

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there are natural climate change and

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natural climate cycles but we need to

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focus on you know making the earth

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someplace where we as humans can live

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and thrive and

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you know um have healthy productive

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lives and

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you know the

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climate change that we are causing

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through our actions is pushing us into a

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space where we aren't going to be able

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to live the type of life that

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we're used to living

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and it is also a result of our actions

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so it's also something that we can

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change you know the the big large cycles

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that mother nature

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is going through on these long geologic

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time scales we don't control that right

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but we do control the emission of carbon

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dioxide into the atmosphere

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and it's been concretely

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and indisputably linked to

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this climate warming that we're going

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through right now

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now when we had this that we had just

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like last year we had the short break of

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when we were locked down and

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there was no flights for a while and

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people were saying oh my god i can see

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the mountains i've never saw the

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mountains and did that

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make any change at all i mean is that

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was that just such a brief time that it

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didn't really matter it was kind of a

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blip really um and it was really good

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for local air quality and uh but like

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the decrease in emissions was like fewer

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i don't even think it was ten percent it

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was like uh in the single digits percent

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decrease in emissions so

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um

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that's actually worth mentioning is that

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like it's not really just up to

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individuals like we we could completely

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reduce our personal consumption as an

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individual down to practically nothing

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but we need to work together as a

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society to make big structural changes

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that we can't achieve as

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as one person or as a handful of people

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um and that includes big projects like

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decarbonizing our energy grid like that

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is that is up to

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the nation to the governments and to

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corporations working in unity working

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together toward a shared goal of

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decarbonizing our electrical grid and

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keeping

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oil and natural gas and coal in the

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ground and find alternate

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sources of energy it's it's not up to

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the individual and we're all partly

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culpable living in the system like i

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just flew home you know last year for my

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sister's wedding so like that put you

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know a ton or two i guess

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i i i slightly disagree with that like

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so i 100 agree that we need um

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structural change but i also believe in

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in the idea that

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you know okay my carbon footprint is

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this you know drop in a much larger

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bucket right it i think of it like

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voting right when you go out to vote

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you think oh my individual vote doesn't

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matter right but you get enough

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individuals voting and suddenly you have

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millions

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of people casting ballots and if every

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mill if all those million individuals

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decided that it didn't matter they

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shouldn't go to the polls

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right then the outcome is really

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different and so i strongly think that

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like as individuals we can take personal

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action and

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recognize that like

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we are that drop in the bucket but if we

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talk about that and

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and you know connect and have like this

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larger ripple effect then

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you know it's like

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yeah it's like the individual

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if we all just throw up our hands and

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say i can't do anything i mean

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ultimately

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the carbon is the sum of all of our

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actions and and i actually took kind of

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a different takeaway from the shutdown

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like

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yes okay we we

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but we did have an impact on emissions

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right like it showed that

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if we choose to fly less they're gonna

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fly fewer airplanes right if we make

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these choices there's gonna be responses

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in the system um

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so

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in the chat already here and here's

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here's a good one here nope i used

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google earth and checked multiple

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shorelines and not a single one has

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changed in the past 50 years

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i didn't know google earth was 50 years

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old did you

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no listen

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these people that are in denial i'm

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sorry um

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we literally did not have okay we didn't

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have satellites to okay but

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anyway um

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these people i understand denial and

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denial is based on fear and all that but

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there is something happening and we're

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causing it

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um there's no denying it i mean look at

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our weather our weather for one and

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um you know i mean

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think of all the things that have

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changed in just the what is it at one

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degree temperature rise something like

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that

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celsius um

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we've had uh i've never even heard of

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fire nato's until now but the wildfires

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have increased beetle kill

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uh they call it mutant weather changes i

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mean these are things we're all going to

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be involved in we're all going to have

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these

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floods droughts if we don't do anything

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about this

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well uh i'll i'll just say i do agree

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with you um becca that we absolutely

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individuals do have a choice we can eat

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less meat we can fly less like there are

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lots of things that we can take agency

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over i was just trying to get more at

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the like no one person is responsible

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for climate change it is like all right

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the summation of all of us um we are in

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a system that's designed a certain you

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know to yeah like have us be burning

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fossil fuels but like for us to survive

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this extreme weather we do need

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infrastructure that's better adapted to

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it and more prepared and that's going to

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take collaborative effort to

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care for the most people

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under extreme situations that will

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become more frequent and more severe um

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so i think there are a lot of like

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weak points that could be strengthened

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right our armor is not as strong as it

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could be

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um

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and

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it's re it's real it's scary uh we had

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half a million acres burned just in my

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county um

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which is huge you know like

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and that's a combination of factors like

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climate changes and the ignition you

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need like a spark like a lightning

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strike or

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um

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you know a cigarette butt or something

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to like start the fire but climate

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change is

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is drying out vegetation and soils

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because it's so hot that means that the

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flux of moisture out of the soils and

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vegetation

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is much greater

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so the flux of evaporation is much

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greater than precipitation at least in

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the arid west and so that's making

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these overgrown

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poorly managed um forests that that

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suffered from just suppression

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suppression only tactics

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through um the us forest services

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efforts for the last hundred years or so

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they're primed to just light up like

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torches they're super dry

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they're overgrown um so it's not just

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like climate change is the only reason

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00:11:12,710 --> 00:11:10,000
we're having these

287
00:11:16,230 --> 00:11:12,720
extraordinary devastating fires it's a

288
00:11:17,509 --> 00:11:16,240
lot of other factors rolled into one um

289
00:11:19,350 --> 00:11:17,519
but yeah no

290
00:11:21,829 --> 00:11:19,360
no place is safe really i mean you've

291
00:11:23,350 --> 00:11:21,839
got like devastating flooding happening

292
00:11:26,630 --> 00:11:23,360
um in the more

293
00:11:28,630 --> 00:11:26,640
wet humid um eastern side of the united

294
00:11:29,509 --> 00:11:28,640
states and those are

295
00:11:30,550 --> 00:11:29,519
i mean

296
00:11:35,509 --> 00:11:30,560
just

297
00:11:37,110 --> 00:11:35,519
like more precipitation than you could

298
00:11:39,750 --> 00:11:37,120
even believe coming out of the sky in a

299
00:11:41,670 --> 00:11:39,760
short amount of time so um

300
00:11:44,150 --> 00:11:41,680
climate change is really speeding up the

301
00:11:45,509 --> 00:11:44,160
hydrological cycle really intensifying

302
00:11:47,350 --> 00:11:45,519
it um

303
00:11:49,269 --> 00:11:47,360
really uh

304
00:11:51,190 --> 00:11:49,279
fire areas are going to get drier and

305
00:11:53,269 --> 00:11:51,200
wetter areas are going to get wetter

306
00:11:55,110 --> 00:11:53,279
yeah is and

307
00:11:57,430 --> 00:11:55,120
is it true that like the

308
00:11:58,710 --> 00:11:57,440
equator is really they're gonna really

309
00:11:59,509 --> 00:11:58,720
be suffering

310
00:12:01,190 --> 00:11:59,519
from

311
00:12:03,509 --> 00:12:01,200
drought most likely

312
00:12:05,190 --> 00:12:03,519
in general

313
00:12:07,509 --> 00:12:05,200
they're gonna be suffering from extreme

314
00:12:10,629 --> 00:12:07,519
heat um and we talked about

315
00:12:13,030 --> 00:12:10,639
briefly uh earlier the wet bulb

316
00:12:15,110 --> 00:12:13,040
temperature um so the equator is really

317
00:12:17,269 --> 00:12:15,120
humid right that's where like you have

318
00:12:19,190 --> 00:12:17,279
tropical rainforests they create their

319
00:12:20,710 --> 00:12:19,200
own clouds um

320
00:12:22,870 --> 00:12:20,720
so there's a lot of moisture there but

321
00:12:25,350 --> 00:12:22,880
it's also

322
00:12:26,870 --> 00:12:25,360
because earth is round and i'm gonna get

323
00:12:29,269 --> 00:12:26,880
some flat earthers yelling at me in the

324
00:12:30,790 --> 00:12:29,279
comments but because earth is round the

325
00:12:33,430 --> 00:12:30,800
equator is

326
00:12:36,230 --> 00:12:33,440
the most direct angle to the sun it's

327
00:12:38,150 --> 00:12:36,240
getting the full force of all the watts

328
00:12:41,190 --> 00:12:38,160
of power coming from the sun right

329
00:12:44,069 --> 00:12:41,200
directly on it at a direct angle and so

330
00:12:45,670 --> 00:12:44,079
this combination of humidity and extreme

331
00:12:48,150 --> 00:12:45,680
heat um

332
00:12:50,230 --> 00:12:48,160
because i guess i'll say briefly like

333
00:12:52,069 --> 00:12:50,240
the atmosphere is a blanket and carbon

334
00:12:53,509 --> 00:12:52,079
dioxide are feathers so we're sticking

335
00:12:55,190 --> 00:12:53,519
more feathers into the blanket we're

336
00:12:57,350 --> 00:12:55,200
holding more heat against the surface of

337
00:13:00,069 --> 00:12:57,360
the earth so

338
00:13:01,190 --> 00:13:00,079
between this heating that's caused due

339
00:13:03,910 --> 00:13:01,200
to

340
00:13:06,870 --> 00:13:03,920
carbon dioxide keeping this heat tucked

341
00:13:09,829 --> 00:13:06,880
up against us and the humidity

342
00:13:11,269 --> 00:13:09,839
it's becoming unlivable so

343
00:13:13,910 --> 00:13:11,279
human beings

344
00:13:16,710 --> 00:13:13,920
can't withstand a wide range of

345
00:13:18,470 --> 00:13:16,720
temperatures um if our internal

346
00:13:20,069 --> 00:13:18,480
temperature reaches 105 degrees

347
00:13:23,750 --> 00:13:20,079
fahrenheit we die it's called

348
00:13:25,509 --> 00:13:23,760
hypothermia um just as if we were to

349
00:13:28,710 --> 00:13:25,519
have our core temperature drop to the

350
00:13:31,269 --> 00:13:28,720
low 90s or upper 80s fahrenheit we would

351
00:13:33,790 --> 00:13:31,279
die of hyper hype

352
00:13:37,350 --> 00:13:33,800
so hypothermia i'm sorry it's cold

353
00:13:39,269 --> 00:13:37,360
hyperthermia is heat we we can't survive

354
00:13:41,829 --> 00:13:39,279
these temperatures and so

355
00:13:43,430 --> 00:13:41,839
um you know people at the equator would

356
00:13:45,590 --> 00:13:43,440
cool themselves through evaporative

357
00:13:47,990 --> 00:13:45,600
cooling through sweating but because

358
00:13:50,230 --> 00:13:48,000
it's so humid the air cannot take any

359
00:13:52,790 --> 00:13:50,240
more moisture it can't wick any more

360
00:13:55,110 --> 00:13:52,800
moisture after off their skin

361
00:13:58,710 --> 00:13:55,120
because it's already saturated

362
00:14:01,990 --> 00:13:58,720
so you know it becomes easier to

363
00:14:03,670 --> 00:14:02,000
die of hyperthermia of heat when it's

364
00:14:05,350 --> 00:14:03,680
extremely humid because you have no

365
00:14:06,629 --> 00:14:05,360
evaporative cooling available to you

366
00:14:08,389 --> 00:14:06,639
anymore so

367
00:14:10,470 --> 00:14:08,399
um you know that's why we see people

368
00:14:13,189 --> 00:14:10,480
migrating away from the equator is

369
00:14:16,470 --> 00:14:13,199
because it's too dang high it really is

370
00:14:18,470 --> 00:14:16,480
it's not conducive to human life i think

371
00:14:20,389 --> 00:14:18,480
also they've shown that those warm

372
00:14:22,870 --> 00:14:20,399
temperatures um are going to make it

373
00:14:25,350 --> 00:14:22,880
really difficult to grow food

374
00:14:26,389 --> 00:14:25,360
like also plants

375
00:14:28,470 --> 00:14:26,399
crops

376
00:14:30,550 --> 00:14:28,480
they have specific temperature ranges

377
00:14:32,470 --> 00:14:30,560
that they need to operate in in order to

378
00:14:35,110 --> 00:14:32,480
grow food and so i think it's been

379
00:14:36,790 --> 00:14:35,120
pretty clearly shown that the equator in

380
00:14:37,750 --> 00:14:36,800
particular those temperatures are going

381
00:14:39,189 --> 00:14:37,760
to get

382
00:14:40,550 --> 00:14:39,199
up into

383
00:14:41,829 --> 00:14:40,560
um

384
00:14:44,069 --> 00:14:41,839
yeah they're going to get warm enough

385
00:14:46,150 --> 00:14:44,079
that it becomes very difficult to to

386
00:14:48,310 --> 00:14:46,160
actually grow food and continue living

387
00:14:50,310 --> 00:14:48,320
in that part of the world

388
00:14:52,629 --> 00:14:50,320
um i think we just i just want to get

389
00:14:55,030 --> 00:14:52,639
this part over with because this and i

390
00:14:56,870 --> 00:14:55,040
don't want to boot this guy out but i'm

391
00:14:59,269 --> 00:14:56,880
i'm close to it

392
00:15:01,829 --> 00:14:59,279
uh what about sea level rise let's let's

393
00:15:03,509 --> 00:15:01,839
discuss that so we can get him to calm

394
00:15:05,590 --> 00:15:03,519
down a little bit because

395
00:15:08,310 --> 00:15:05,600
um the shorelines haven't changed

396
00:15:10,629 --> 00:15:08,320
according to him in the world now i know

397
00:15:11,670 --> 00:15:10,639
i watched uh a video up in alaska where

398
00:15:13,829 --> 00:15:11,680
they're having

399
00:15:15,670 --> 00:15:13,839
you know a terrible time the short the

400
00:15:17,509 --> 00:15:15,680
shores eroding away and they they can't

401
00:15:19,750 --> 00:15:17,519
live their life on the ice like yeah

402
00:15:24,150 --> 00:15:19,760
they've had to relocate whole

403
00:15:25,910 --> 00:15:24,160
communities in alaska because um of the

404
00:15:28,069 --> 00:15:25,920
yeah the erosion of the coast that

405
00:15:30,230 --> 00:15:28,079
they're living on um

406
00:15:32,629 --> 00:15:30,240
the other thing i would

407
00:15:34,710 --> 00:15:32,639
keep in mind is that you know

408
00:15:37,110 --> 00:15:34,720
the changes that we're talking about are

409
00:15:39,749 --> 00:15:37,120
gonna you know are occurring gradually

410
00:15:41,910 --> 00:15:39,759
and are going to kind of keep occurring

411
00:15:44,710 --> 00:15:41,920
over time even if we start to reverse

412
00:15:47,590 --> 00:15:44,720
our actions we've set things in motion

413
00:15:48,710 --> 00:15:47,600
and so not all of the things that you

414
00:15:50,069 --> 00:15:48,720
know are

415
00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:50,079
going to happen are something we're

416
00:15:53,189 --> 00:15:51,920
going to see and none of them are

417
00:15:55,990 --> 00:15:53,199
probably anything we're going to see in

418
00:15:58,310 --> 00:15:56,000
a one five you know 10-year

419
00:16:01,110 --> 00:15:58,320
time span um

420
00:16:03,829 --> 00:16:01,120
and and there's variability too so

421
00:16:05,749 --> 00:16:03,839
well i know miami's underwater half lots

422
00:16:06,870 --> 00:16:05,759
lots of segments of miami's underwater

423
00:16:09,910 --> 00:16:06,880
they're having a lot of problems with

424
00:16:12,230 --> 00:16:09,920
that you know just for one example

425
00:16:13,590 --> 00:16:12,240
yeah and you know miami's had to invest

426
00:16:16,230 --> 00:16:13,600
a lot of money into the flood

427
00:16:17,749 --> 00:16:16,240
infrastructure so i'm sure megan has a

428
00:16:18,949 --> 00:16:17,759
lot to add

429
00:16:20,870 --> 00:16:18,959
there

430
00:16:22,710 --> 00:16:20,880
sea level's been rising a couple

431
00:16:25,030 --> 00:16:22,720
millimeters per year but it's it's

432
00:16:26,790 --> 00:16:25,040
getting a little bit faster and and

433
00:16:28,150 --> 00:16:26,800
really like yeah we have to pay

434
00:16:30,389 --> 00:16:28,160
attention to

435
00:16:32,389 --> 00:16:30,399
the ice sheets because the ones that are

436
00:16:34,230 --> 00:16:32,399
on land i mean we've watched our sea ice

437
00:16:36,389 --> 00:16:34,240
decrease but sea ice doesn't contribute

438
00:16:39,030 --> 00:16:36,399
to sea level rise because it's like an

439
00:16:41,269 --> 00:16:39,040
ice cube melting in a cup of water it

440
00:16:43,030 --> 00:16:41,279
doesn't it just it just

441
00:16:44,949 --> 00:16:43,040
is solid and then it's water and it

442
00:16:47,990 --> 00:16:44,959
doesn't cause the

443
00:16:50,710 --> 00:16:48,000
um the glass of water to overflow but

444
00:16:53,110 --> 00:16:50,720
the continental ice sheets on land on

445
00:16:54,550 --> 00:16:53,120
the land masses when they start to melt

446
00:16:56,710 --> 00:16:54,560
which they are they're getting thinner

447
00:16:57,829 --> 00:16:56,720
they're they're getting shorter

448
00:17:00,710 --> 00:16:57,839
um

449
00:17:03,350 --> 00:17:00,720
yeah we are seeing sea level rise and we

450
00:17:04,870 --> 00:17:03,360
will continue to see that um

451
00:17:06,789 --> 00:17:04,880
into the future because of something

452
00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:06,799
called residence time so all the carbon

453
00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:08,880
dioxide we've emitted

454
00:17:13,429 --> 00:17:11,120
stays in the atmosphere for a hundred

455
00:17:15,829 --> 00:17:13,439
years so we're we're still experiencing

456
00:17:17,350 --> 00:17:15,839
heating from carbon dioxide that was

457
00:17:18,549 --> 00:17:17,360
emitted by

458
00:17:21,510 --> 00:17:18,559
the model t

459
00:17:23,270 --> 00:17:21,520
ford you know in the 1920s it's still in

460
00:17:24,710 --> 00:17:23,280
the atmosphere it hasn't come it hasn't

461
00:17:27,189 --> 00:17:24,720
been pulled out of the atmosphere

462
00:17:30,070 --> 00:17:27,199
through geologic processes yet and so

463
00:17:32,549 --> 00:17:30,080
the carbon dioxide we're emitting today

464
00:17:36,950 --> 00:17:32,559
will stay in the atmosphere until

465
00:17:38,710 --> 00:17:36,960
21 21 22 21 22 right i mean it's it's

466
00:17:41,110 --> 00:17:38,720
gonna be around for a long time it's

467
00:17:43,110 --> 00:17:41,120
bait the warming is baked into the cake

468
00:17:44,950 --> 00:17:43,120
it's baked into the atmosphere it's

469
00:17:48,549 --> 00:17:44,960
already been set in motion

470
00:17:51,110 --> 00:17:48,559
um as as rebecca said and it will

471
00:17:52,710 --> 00:17:51,120
um if we continue to build upon that

472
00:17:55,990 --> 00:17:52,720
it's going to continue to spiral out of

473
00:17:57,990 --> 00:17:56,000
control in a faster and faster manner um

474
00:18:00,630 --> 00:17:58,000
and i think there's you know some things

475
00:18:02,470 --> 00:18:00,640
that are irreversible right so if we

476
00:18:04,470 --> 00:18:02,480
lose these continental ice sheets and

477
00:18:05,270 --> 00:18:04,480
sea level rises that's not something we

478
00:18:06,390 --> 00:18:05,280
can

479
00:18:08,310 --> 00:18:06,400
reverse

480
00:18:09,909 --> 00:18:08,320
yeah there are a bunch of tipping points

481
00:18:11,909 --> 00:18:09,919
climate tipping points and one of them

482
00:18:15,110 --> 00:18:11,919
also is like permafrost milk because

483
00:18:17,590 --> 00:18:15,120
permafrost is full of methane so if we

484
00:18:20,789 --> 00:18:17,600
yeah if we emit too much methane by

485
00:18:22,710 --> 00:18:20,799
thawing the arctic which we're doing um

486
00:18:25,190 --> 00:18:22,720
that's going to push us into another

487
00:18:27,669 --> 00:18:25,200
tipping point um and and they're also

488
00:18:29,270 --> 00:18:27,679
feedback loops in the climate system so

489
00:18:31,430 --> 00:18:29,280
there are non-linear relationships like

490
00:18:33,350 --> 00:18:31,440
exponential growth and there are

491
00:18:35,270 --> 00:18:33,360
feedback loops that can be positive

492
00:18:36,230 --> 00:18:35,280
meaning they amplify a change and they

493
00:18:39,270 --> 00:18:36,240
make it

494
00:18:40,950 --> 00:18:39,280
happen faster in a bigger better way um

495
00:18:43,669 --> 00:18:40,960
or they can be dampening they can be

496
00:18:45,430 --> 00:18:43,679
negative um but if we start pushing the

497
00:18:47,669 --> 00:18:45,440
system um

498
00:18:49,669 --> 00:18:47,679
you know earth is like a ball perched on

499
00:18:51,110 --> 00:18:49,679
top of a hill and we're poking it down

500
00:18:53,190 --> 00:18:51,120
so that it's going to roll off the hill

501
00:18:56,230 --> 00:18:53,200
pretty soon here into a valley

502
00:18:58,230 --> 00:18:56,240
and we want to hold on to the ball and

503
00:19:00,310 --> 00:18:58,240
make sure that we don't pass those

504
00:19:03,510 --> 00:19:00,320
thresholds and push it off

505
00:19:05,909 --> 00:19:03,520
the precipice into an entirely new

506
00:19:09,590 --> 00:19:05,919
climate equilibrium one in which we may

507
00:19:10,710 --> 00:19:09,600
not be prepared or able to survive

508
00:19:12,789 --> 00:19:10,720
one of the questions i was thinking

509
00:19:14,230 --> 00:19:12,799
about um did you want to add something

510
00:19:15,430 --> 00:19:14,240
to that becca

511
00:19:17,430 --> 00:19:15,440
were you talking about i mean i just

512
00:19:19,110 --> 00:19:17,440
think that you know the the main point

513
00:19:21,590 --> 00:19:19,120
that i think megan and i are driving

514
00:19:24,549 --> 00:19:21,600
home is that you know yes there there

515
00:19:27,110 --> 00:19:24,559
are natural geologic changes but what we

516
00:19:31,110 --> 00:19:27,120
really need to be focused on is like the

517
00:19:33,029 --> 00:19:31,120
window of livable climate and we are

518
00:19:36,230 --> 00:19:33,039
moving through our actions moving

519
00:19:39,430 --> 00:19:36,240
ourselves into um a space where it's not

520
00:19:40,950 --> 00:19:39,440
livable and you know and these changes

521
00:19:43,270 --> 00:19:40,960
are you know

522
00:19:45,510 --> 00:19:43,280
gonna be hard to

523
00:19:46,710 --> 00:19:45,520
i think for an individual to kind of see

524
00:19:48,390 --> 00:19:46,720
and absorb

525
00:19:50,470 --> 00:19:48,400
you know because we like we tend to

526
00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:50,480
learn through our experiences and we see

527
00:19:56,630 --> 00:19:53,200
the world and and something like climate

528
00:19:59,190 --> 00:19:56,640
change is this slow kind of gradual

529
00:20:00,710 --> 00:19:59,200
march and so i think it can be hard for

530
00:20:03,270 --> 00:20:00,720
us to

531
00:20:06,710 --> 00:20:03,280
to kind of feel that in our in our

532
00:20:08,549 --> 00:20:06,720
intuition or in our life experience um

533
00:20:09,909 --> 00:20:08,559
and i think that's one of the biggest

534
00:20:11,350 --> 00:20:09,919
challenges associated with climate

535
00:20:12,870 --> 00:20:11,360
change i feel like

536
00:20:15,350 --> 00:20:12,880
some of the recent

537
00:20:17,909 --> 00:20:15,360
really extreme weather events we've been

538
00:20:19,669 --> 00:20:17,919
experiencing have helped drive home this

539
00:20:21,430 --> 00:20:19,679
message you know with the fires and the

540
00:20:23,029 --> 00:20:21,440
droughts and the floods you know these

541
00:20:24,549 --> 00:20:23,039
things are gonna become more common

542
00:20:27,350 --> 00:20:24,559
they've always happened but the

543
00:20:30,230 --> 00:20:27,360
frequency of these things are gonna

544
00:20:32,549 --> 00:20:30,240
to start to be more common in people's

545
00:20:33,830 --> 00:20:32,559
lives and and unfortunately i would hate

546
00:20:36,870 --> 00:20:33,840
for us to get to this point where

547
00:20:38,710 --> 00:20:36,880
suddenly everyone's like oh crap like

548
00:20:41,029 --> 00:20:38,720
it's too late fifth flood i've

549
00:20:42,789 --> 00:20:41,039
experienced and this is you know

550
00:20:44,549 --> 00:20:42,799
now now i want to try to do something

551
00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:44,559
about it i mean at some point we're

552
00:20:47,669 --> 00:20:45,520
gonna

553
00:20:50,470 --> 00:20:47,679
you know we yeah we set this thing in

554
00:20:52,390 --> 00:20:50,480
motion there's positive feedbacks

555
00:20:53,510 --> 00:20:52,400
you know and and we can

556
00:20:55,430 --> 00:20:53,520
you know

557
00:20:56,950 --> 00:20:55,440
try to then pivot and make the good

558
00:20:58,470 --> 00:20:56,960
choice but there we just have to know

559
00:20:59,510 --> 00:20:58,480
that there's going to be changes that

560
00:21:02,950 --> 00:20:59,520
have been

561
00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:02,960
started that we can't pull back on now

562
00:21:08,390 --> 00:21:05,200
about co2 just

563
00:21:11,190 --> 00:21:08,400
just i i don't understand how co2

564
00:21:12,390 --> 00:21:11,200
uh carbon dioxide was there a certain

565
00:21:14,710 --> 00:21:12,400
amount

566
00:21:17,350 --> 00:21:14,720
that when the earth was created that

567
00:21:19,430 --> 00:21:17,360
existed that keeps fluctuating over the

568
00:21:20,870 --> 00:21:19,440
existence is there some type of process

569
00:21:23,590 --> 00:21:20,880
that it goes through

570
00:21:25,510 --> 00:21:23,600
or is it created from something that of

571
00:21:28,630 --> 00:21:25,520
some type of process

572
00:21:30,549 --> 00:21:28,640
it's pretty complicated um so it's

573
00:21:32,549 --> 00:21:30,559
released through volcanoes and also it

574
00:21:34,870 --> 00:21:32,559
can fluctuate with how much biomass you

575
00:21:35,830 --> 00:21:34,880
have on earth um

576
00:21:38,070 --> 00:21:35,840
but

577
00:21:41,029 --> 00:21:38,080
it's not like there's like only so much

578
00:21:42,630 --> 00:21:41,039
it um it just exists in multiple forms

579
00:21:44,950 --> 00:21:42,640
it exists as carbon dioxide in the

580
00:21:48,149 --> 00:21:44,960
atmosphere it exists as fossil fuels

581
00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:48,159
which are plant matter like coal is dead

582
00:21:51,510 --> 00:21:50,640
trees that fell into a swamp and then

583
00:21:53,029 --> 00:21:51,520
over

584
00:21:55,270 --> 00:21:53,039
hundreds of millions of years was

585
00:21:58,070 --> 00:21:55,280
compressed and heated up and through

586
00:22:01,190 --> 00:21:58,080
diogenesis became coal takes a long time

587
00:22:04,710 --> 00:22:01,200
to make it takes a very long time um

588
00:22:05,909 --> 00:22:04,720
plankton makes natural gas plankton is

589
00:22:07,590 --> 00:22:05,919
also a

590
00:22:09,830 --> 00:22:07,600
a photosynthesizer

591
00:22:11,830 --> 00:22:09,840
um that eventually sinks to the bottom

592
00:22:13,990 --> 00:22:11,840
of the ocean when it dies and is also

593
00:22:16,470 --> 00:22:14,000
compressed and heated and through

594
00:22:18,950 --> 00:22:16,480
geologic processes becomes natural gas

595
00:22:21,029 --> 00:22:18,960
um so it just exists in different

596
00:22:24,390 --> 00:22:21,039
spheres of the earth atmosphere

597
00:22:26,710 --> 00:22:24,400
geosphere um in different biosphere

598
00:22:28,789 --> 00:22:26,720
biosphere there's there's

599
00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:28,799
it's all over the place and it is

600
00:22:32,630 --> 00:22:30,880
constantly cycling through those spheres

601
00:22:34,630 --> 00:22:32,640
and and transforming into different

602
00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:34,640
forms um

603
00:22:38,470 --> 00:22:35,840
but

604
00:22:40,470 --> 00:22:38,480
we're definitely uh we're focusing a lot

605
00:22:43,029 --> 00:22:40,480
on the atmosphere because it is so

606
00:22:46,630 --> 00:22:43,039
sensitive and temperature is also very

607
00:22:48,870 --> 00:22:46,640
closely linked with carbon dioxide

608
00:22:50,630 --> 00:22:48,880
i i'd like to play a question from this

609
00:22:53,510 --> 00:22:50,640
is a friend of mine

610
00:22:55,430 --> 00:22:53,520
he's an astronomer mark d'antonio and

611
00:22:56,870 --> 00:22:55,440
i'd like to play this question and have

612
00:23:01,990 --> 00:22:56,880
your your uh

613
00:23:06,950 --> 00:23:04,310
thank you for for joining for this uh

614
00:23:09,190 --> 00:23:06,960
for this uh statement and basically

615
00:23:11,590 --> 00:23:09,200
question so

616
00:23:13,990 --> 00:23:11,600
yeah so go ahead if you would

617
00:23:15,190 --> 00:23:14,000
sure i mean in a little bit of a

618
00:23:17,510 --> 00:23:15,200
preface here

619
00:23:19,830 --> 00:23:17,520
uh you know i've i've written a book

620
00:23:21,590 --> 00:23:19,840
called the populated universe and it

621
00:23:23,350 --> 00:23:21,600
talks about the potential that

622
00:23:25,510 --> 00:23:23,360
extraterrestrial life is

623
00:23:27,990 --> 00:23:25,520
more prevalent in the universe than many

624
00:23:30,630 --> 00:23:28,000
people think but

625
00:23:34,549 --> 00:23:30,640
it also discusses the issues we have on

626
00:23:37,110 --> 00:23:34,559
the planet earth with our energy

627
00:23:39,669 --> 00:23:37,120
generation mechanisms the future of

628
00:23:42,390 --> 00:23:39,679
fossil fuels and so forth and what we

629
00:23:44,149 --> 00:23:42,400
have to do to get out of that that

630
00:23:45,830 --> 00:23:44,159
wicked spiral that we're in of just

631
00:23:46,710 --> 00:23:45,840
using up fossil fuels

632
00:23:49,190 --> 00:23:46,720
so

633
00:23:51,669 --> 00:23:49,200
the problem that i see

634
00:23:53,830 --> 00:23:51,679
is that in order for us to

635
00:23:54,870 --> 00:23:53,840
get rid of fossil fuels we literally

636
00:23:56,390 --> 00:23:54,880
have to

637
00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:56,400
use

638
00:24:01,350 --> 00:23:59,200
10 times as much that we do today we

639
00:24:03,510 --> 00:24:01,360
can't cut back we have to exploit it and

640
00:24:05,750 --> 00:24:03,520
use it in order to build the new

641
00:24:07,750 --> 00:24:05,760
infrastructure take that leap and go to

642
00:24:09,990 --> 00:24:07,760
that next level where we actually get

643
00:24:14,149 --> 00:24:10,000
past our dependence

644
00:24:15,190 --> 00:24:14,159
on oil and and coal and uh and natural

645
00:24:16,950 --> 00:24:15,200
gas

646
00:24:18,710 --> 00:24:16,960
without doing so

647
00:24:22,070 --> 00:24:18,720
we'll never be able to achieve a

648
00:24:23,669 --> 00:24:22,080
full-blown fully active and well-built

649
00:24:26,470 --> 00:24:23,679
infrastructure

650
00:24:27,990 --> 00:24:26,480
that will allow us to

651
00:24:30,870 --> 00:24:28,000
utilize

652
00:24:33,029 --> 00:24:30,880
wind solar and tidal power

653
00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:33,039
which we want to get at because it's

654
00:24:36,710 --> 00:24:34,240
it's free

655
00:24:38,549 --> 00:24:36,720
and that's that kind of thing is the uh

656
00:24:42,070 --> 00:24:38,559
the conundrum that we face our nation

657
00:24:45,029 --> 00:24:42,080
has a demand of x amount of millions of

658
00:24:47,669 --> 00:24:45,039
barrels of oil that we require all right

659
00:24:49,269 --> 00:24:47,679
natural gas and so forth

660
00:24:51,269 --> 00:24:49,279
well

661
00:24:53,029 --> 00:24:51,279
i don't know how we're gonna be able to

662
00:24:55,110 --> 00:24:53,039
put this new infrastructure in place by

663
00:24:56,390 --> 00:24:55,120
picking off some of that

664
00:24:57,909 --> 00:24:56,400
to create this new infrastructure it's

665
00:25:00,310 --> 00:24:57,919
not like it's so easy to create over

666
00:25:02,789 --> 00:25:00,320
here it's not easy it's hard and we have

667
00:25:05,830 --> 00:25:02,799
to make these new delivery systems

668
00:25:08,710 --> 00:25:05,840
all right we don't have that right now

669
00:25:10,710 --> 00:25:08,720
and we can't take the pot that we have

670
00:25:13,110 --> 00:25:10,720
that we use for fossil fuels that says

671
00:25:14,549 --> 00:25:13,120
okay you only get to use this much

672
00:25:16,149 --> 00:25:14,559
this stuff out here we have to hold and

673
00:25:17,590 --> 00:25:16,159
reserve this stuff is all in reserve out

674
00:25:18,630 --> 00:25:17,600
here but in here this is you this is

675
00:25:20,149 --> 00:25:18,640
what we can use to make this new

676
00:25:22,470 --> 00:25:20,159
infrastructure

677
00:25:24,630 --> 00:25:22,480
okay that doesn't work

678
00:25:26,230 --> 00:25:24,640
we have to actually use all this out

679
00:25:28,710 --> 00:25:26,240
here and all this out here to build the

680
00:25:30,870 --> 00:25:28,720
new infrastructure so that we're not

681
00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:30,880
compromising the current energy demand

682
00:25:33,110 --> 00:25:32,400
of our nation

683
00:25:35,029 --> 00:25:33,120
so

684
00:25:36,789 --> 00:25:35,039
i guess i have to ask you know what are

685
00:25:38,950 --> 00:25:36,799
your thoughts about that

686
00:25:40,950 --> 00:25:38,960
and that's something that i think is a

687
00:25:45,350 --> 00:25:40,960
very very

688
00:25:45,360 --> 00:25:49,269
there you go who wants to tackle that

689
00:25:55,990 --> 00:25:52,470
i agree but we should also do it we

690
00:25:57,430 --> 00:25:56,000
can't afford to not do anything at all

691
00:25:59,190 --> 00:25:57,440
we can't afford to keep doing what we're

692
00:26:00,789 --> 00:25:59,200
doing now because it's very clearly

693
00:26:03,750 --> 00:26:00,799
putting us on a path that will lead to

694
00:26:06,870 --> 00:26:03,760
an unlivable climate um the problem is

695
00:26:08,710 --> 00:26:06,880
of course um that yeah to build that

696
00:26:10,230 --> 00:26:08,720
infrastructure requires that we build

697
00:26:11,909 --> 00:26:10,240
wind turbines which are made out of

698
00:26:14,149 --> 00:26:11,919
metal which has to be mined from the

699
00:26:16,310 --> 00:26:14,159
earth which we can only do with

700
00:26:18,470 --> 00:26:16,320
machinery that's also made out of metal

701
00:26:21,110 --> 00:26:18,480
that runs on fossil fuels so it is kind

702
00:26:23,590 --> 00:26:21,120
of a vicious cycle in the sense that we

703
00:26:25,750 --> 00:26:23,600
can't completely stop using them if we

704
00:26:28,789 --> 00:26:25,760
want to rebuild our energy grid because

705
00:26:30,710 --> 00:26:28,799
we need to power our machines enabled to

706
00:26:33,110 --> 00:26:30,720
be able to do that

707
00:26:36,070 --> 00:26:33,120
but but we have

708
00:26:38,070 --> 00:26:36,080
we have renewable energy already we have

709
00:26:40,549 --> 00:26:38,080
these sources available to us and the

710
00:26:43,510 --> 00:26:40,559
technology to harvest that energy so we

711
00:26:45,350 --> 00:26:43,520
should be maximizing those renewables as

712
00:26:48,390 --> 00:26:45,360
much as possible as we make this

713
00:26:51,269 --> 00:26:48,400
transition and an easy economic tool

714
00:26:53,990 --> 00:26:51,279
that could be used would just be

715
00:26:56,549 --> 00:26:54,000
to um implement a carbon tax and i know

716
00:26:59,269 --> 00:26:56,559
everyone's like oh god a carbon tax

717
00:27:01,110 --> 00:26:59,279
yeah i mean it we we want to keep the

718
00:27:03,909 --> 00:27:01,120
carb we want to keep fossil fuels in the

719
00:27:06,870 --> 00:27:03,919
ground um so we need to and we've been

720
00:27:10,310 --> 00:27:06,880
subsidizing fossil fuel extraction

721
00:27:14,070 --> 00:27:10,320
heavily as an industrialized nation we

722
00:27:16,549 --> 00:27:14,080
the g20 countries spent three trillion

723
00:27:19,430 --> 00:27:16,559
dollars in subsidies since 2015 when the

724
00:27:21,350 --> 00:27:19,440
climate accord in paris was done um

725
00:27:23,269 --> 00:27:21,360
three trillion dollars is what we've

726
00:27:25,190 --> 00:27:23,279
spent subsidizing

727
00:27:27,190 --> 00:27:25,200
fossil fuel production because you don't

728
00:27:29,190 --> 00:27:27,200
it's hit or miss you don't know if the

729
00:27:30,389 --> 00:27:29,200
if the well that you're drilling is

730
00:27:32,630 --> 00:27:30,399
gonna strike

731
00:27:35,350 --> 00:27:32,640
the resource you're trying to access

732
00:27:37,830 --> 00:27:35,360
um and so if we took those subsidies

733
00:27:40,070 --> 00:27:37,840
away from fossil fuels it would be

734
00:27:41,990 --> 00:27:40,080
uh more of a heavy burden

735
00:27:43,990 --> 00:27:42,000
on on those companies and yeah on

736
00:27:47,350 --> 00:27:44,000
consumers too but we would take that

737
00:27:51,029 --> 00:27:47,360
money and subsidize the production of of

738
00:27:53,350 --> 00:27:51,039
renewable energies and um that we we

739
00:27:55,430 --> 00:27:53,360
have we have to i mean we have it

740
00:27:56,950 --> 00:27:55,440
available and we have the technology we

741
00:27:58,630 --> 00:27:56,960
just don't have the political will and

742
00:28:00,630 --> 00:27:58,640
we don't have the economic will and we

743
00:28:03,269 --> 00:28:00,640
do not have the cultural or societal

744
00:28:05,350 --> 00:28:03,279
will to do it um and that's really the

745
00:28:08,149 --> 00:28:05,360
biggest problem and

746
00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:08,159
you know boy it's tiring constantly just

747
00:28:13,350 --> 00:28:10,720
uh having to to fight with people who

748
00:28:15,430 --> 00:28:13,360
are so adamantly in denial of reality

749
00:28:17,269 --> 00:28:15,440
and so unwilling to face the very real

750
00:28:19,029 --> 00:28:17,279
problems that we're facing

751
00:28:20,710 --> 00:28:19,039
uh because you can't solve a problem if

752
00:28:24,549 --> 00:28:20,720
you can't face it

753
00:28:27,510 --> 00:28:24,559
and um i guess i would add to the to

754
00:28:31,269 --> 00:28:27,520
the marco's comment and what you're

755
00:28:32,789 --> 00:28:31,279
saying megan that um

756
00:28:34,389 --> 00:28:32,799
yeah certainly

757
00:28:37,669 --> 00:28:34,399
because of where we're starting we're

758
00:28:40,710 --> 00:28:37,679
gonna need fossil fuel to to help us you

759
00:28:41,750 --> 00:28:40,720
know make this transition to using

760
00:28:44,389 --> 00:28:41,760
um

761
00:28:45,990 --> 00:28:44,399
solar panels and batteries and wind

762
00:28:48,630 --> 00:28:46,000
turbines but

763
00:28:50,710 --> 00:28:48,640
i don't think we need to

764
00:28:52,549 --> 00:28:50,720
assume that we have to use all of our

765
00:28:55,110 --> 00:28:52,559
fossil fuel reservoirs in order to do

766
00:28:57,190 --> 00:28:55,120
that like i i think the idea is that you

767
00:28:59,990 --> 00:28:57,200
you use as little of the fossil fuel as

768
00:29:01,990 --> 00:29:00,000
you need right to then like if you think

769
00:29:04,710 --> 00:29:02,000
about the transition that's happening

770
00:29:05,830 --> 00:29:04,720
now a lot of cars are going to electric

771
00:29:07,269 --> 00:29:05,840
and yes

772
00:29:09,909 --> 00:29:07,279
there is

773
00:29:12,149 --> 00:29:09,919
negative things associated with mining

774
00:29:13,590 --> 00:29:12,159
the materials needed for batteries right

775
00:29:15,029 --> 00:29:13,600
but

776
00:29:16,870 --> 00:29:15,039
when you shift

777
00:29:19,269 --> 00:29:16,880
you know suddenly you start making

778
00:29:21,909 --> 00:29:19,279
electric cars and we start using those

779
00:29:25,110 --> 00:29:21,919
right then that's a lot less gasoline

780
00:29:26,630 --> 00:29:25,120
needed for everyone's automobiles and

781
00:29:28,389 --> 00:29:26,640
um

782
00:29:30,630 --> 00:29:28,399
i just i think that there is this feed

783
00:29:32,710 --> 00:29:30,640
forward situation that we can get

784
00:29:35,029 --> 00:29:32,720
ourselves into so certainly we're gonna

785
00:29:36,789 --> 00:29:35,039
have to use some fossil fuels to make

786
00:29:39,510 --> 00:29:36,799
this transition but

787
00:29:41,750 --> 00:29:39,520
i would hope that we don't

788
00:29:43,430 --> 00:29:41,760
access you know all of those fossil

789
00:29:45,430 --> 00:29:43,440
fuels because

790
00:29:47,110 --> 00:29:45,440
again you know

791
00:29:48,950 --> 00:29:47,120
the temperature response the amount of

792
00:29:51,110 --> 00:29:48,960
co2 we put in the atmosphere and there

793
00:29:52,710 --> 00:29:51,120
are these tipping points right so i

794
00:29:54,789 --> 00:29:52,720
looked it up and i think if we were to

795
00:29:57,750 --> 00:29:54,799
use all the fossil fuel buried below

796
00:30:01,590 --> 00:29:57,760
ground we would increase up to about 18

797
00:30:05,110 --> 00:30:02,950
like we would be

798
00:30:07,190 --> 00:30:05,120
like back in the dinosaur age where

799
00:30:08,950 --> 00:30:07,200
things are really hot so you know i i

800
00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:08,960
don't think like that's the solution we

801
00:30:11,990 --> 00:30:10,240
don't want to go

802
00:30:14,470 --> 00:30:12,000
full bore because then we've killed

803
00:30:15,909 --> 00:30:14,480
ourselves but we have like a electric

804
00:30:17,110 --> 00:30:15,919
grid so

805
00:30:19,430 --> 00:30:17,120
and also

806
00:30:21,269 --> 00:30:19,440
yeah we should be combining this because

807
00:30:23,590 --> 00:30:21,279
we also do we're developing the

808
00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:23,600
technology to actually capture carbon

809
00:30:27,830 --> 00:30:25,600
dioxide from the atmosphere and to

810
00:30:29,510 --> 00:30:27,840
either store it underground geologic

811
00:30:31,830 --> 00:30:29,520
reserves which we've already drilled

812
00:30:33,590 --> 00:30:31,840
into so just get back down there or

813
00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:33,600
actually find a way to turn it into like

814
00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:35,360
a briquette that you could recycle and

815
00:30:40,710 --> 00:30:38,720
burn for for fuel all over again um and

816
00:30:42,470 --> 00:30:40,720
like there's a plant up in like squamish

817
00:30:44,230 --> 00:30:42,480
or somewhere um

818
00:30:47,510 --> 00:30:44,240
somewhere in british columbia where it's

819
00:30:50,149 --> 00:30:47,520
a hydro-powered plant that's drawing

820
00:30:52,789 --> 00:30:50,159
carbon dioxide out of the air and and

821
00:30:53,830 --> 00:30:52,799
finding ways to to store it as a solid

822
00:30:55,510 --> 00:30:53,840
and so

823
00:30:58,070 --> 00:30:55,520
the technology exists it's just not

824
00:30:59,830 --> 00:30:58,080
scaled up it's really small still it's

825
00:31:02,149 --> 00:30:59,840
startups but um

826
00:31:05,190 --> 00:31:02,159
if we could combine our revamped

827
00:31:07,269 --> 00:31:05,200
infrastructure with the technology to

828
00:31:09,350 --> 00:31:07,279
capture some of some of some of what

829
00:31:10,870 --> 00:31:09,360
we're emitting while also simultaneously

830
00:31:13,029 --> 00:31:10,880
keeping as much

831
00:31:14,710 --> 00:31:13,039
fossil fue as many fossil fuels in the

832
00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:14,720
ground as possible keep them in the

833
00:31:19,830 --> 00:31:17,440
ground if you can and use them sparingly

834
00:31:22,470 --> 00:31:19,840
um then it's it's doable and it's worth

835
00:31:24,630 --> 00:31:22,480
doing it really is because without a

836
00:31:26,310 --> 00:31:24,640
planet we don't have an economy you know

837
00:31:28,389 --> 00:31:26,320
so if like you want to use an economic

838
00:31:31,590 --> 00:31:28,399
argument like if you don't have people

839
00:31:33,750 --> 00:31:31,600
living if you don't have anything left

840
00:31:35,110 --> 00:31:33,760
on earth yeah you killed the economy

841
00:31:36,950 --> 00:31:35,120
along with

842
00:31:39,509 --> 00:31:36,960
all the people i'd also say that you

843
00:31:41,269 --> 00:31:39,519
know our we've um

844
00:31:43,590 --> 00:31:41,279
you know our renewable

845
00:31:45,590 --> 00:31:43,600
energy has really reached this point

846
00:31:48,389 --> 00:31:45,600
where it's now actually more affordable

847
00:31:50,389 --> 00:31:48,399
to put like a renewable power plant in

848
00:31:51,350 --> 00:31:50,399
than to build you know a fossil fuel

849
00:31:54,230 --> 00:31:51,360
powered

850
00:31:56,549 --> 00:31:54,240
power plant uh so you know i i do think

851
00:31:58,389 --> 00:31:56,559
that there is this you know economics

852
00:32:01,830 --> 00:31:58,399
always plays into the decisions people

853
00:32:03,990 --> 00:32:01,840
make and um

854
00:32:06,389 --> 00:32:04,000
so minus subsidies to the fossil fuel

855
00:32:08,230 --> 00:32:06,399
industry and you know let's keep

856
00:32:10,389 --> 00:32:08,240
advancing what we're doing with the

857
00:32:12,070 --> 00:32:10,399
renewable energy i think it will become

858
00:32:15,350 --> 00:32:12,080
this point where

859
00:32:18,070 --> 00:32:15,360
uh you know uh someone deciding what

860
00:32:19,750 --> 00:32:18,080
plant to put in between a and b

861
00:32:21,190 --> 00:32:19,760
the renewable plant is now more

862
00:32:23,669 --> 00:32:21,200
affordable

863
00:32:26,470 --> 00:32:23,679
and cheaper and so we're actually seeing

864
00:32:28,549 --> 00:32:26,480
growth in um switching towards

865
00:32:29,909 --> 00:32:28,559
renewables because of that economic

866
00:32:32,710 --> 00:32:29,919
aspect

867
00:32:35,350 --> 00:32:32,720
this uh this question that comes up here

868
00:32:37,750 --> 00:32:35,360
and and thanks for that and my my

869
00:32:38,950 --> 00:32:37,760
personal thoughts on nuclear power

870
00:32:41,430 --> 00:32:38,960
plants is

871
00:32:42,549 --> 00:32:41,440
uh and i mentioned this off here is the

872
00:32:45,509 --> 00:32:42,559
fact that

873
00:32:47,350 --> 00:32:45,519
you know we're using for 100 years worth

874
00:32:49,590 --> 00:32:47,360
of use we're

875
00:32:51,990 --> 00:32:49,600
having to protect the waste supposedly

876
00:32:54,549 --> 00:32:52,000
for 5000 generations ahead and we don't

877
00:32:56,710 --> 00:32:54,559
even know our history anywhere near that

878
00:32:59,190 --> 00:32:56,720
and backwards from here

879
00:33:01,990 --> 00:32:59,200
all i'm saying is that it's very selfish

880
00:33:05,029 --> 00:33:02,000
for us to put that on future generations

881
00:33:07,029 --> 00:33:05,039
in my opinion um but it

882
00:33:09,669 --> 00:33:07,039
you know you hear about nuclear power

883
00:33:12,950 --> 00:33:09,679
being uh the clean energy and all that

884
00:33:15,590 --> 00:33:12,960
but i guess the question i have we do

885
00:33:18,789 --> 00:33:15,600
we could use another alternative there

886
00:33:19,830 --> 00:33:18,799
is has always been talk about um

887
00:33:20,950 --> 00:33:19,840
fusion

888
00:33:22,470 --> 00:33:20,960
and

889
00:33:24,950 --> 00:33:22,480
i would love to see something like that

890
00:33:26,870 --> 00:33:24,960
happen because it uses it can you see

891
00:33:28,789 --> 00:33:26,880
water i think you can use uh

892
00:33:31,590 --> 00:33:28,799
and there's no you know there's no waste

893
00:33:32,389 --> 00:33:31,600
per se compared to fission

894
00:33:35,430 --> 00:33:32,399
and

895
00:33:36,870 --> 00:33:35,440
have either one of you heard about any

896
00:33:40,310 --> 00:33:36,880
um

897
00:33:42,549 --> 00:33:40,320
work toward getting you know that as a

898
00:33:44,549 --> 00:33:42,559
reality either one of you

899
00:33:47,590 --> 00:33:44,559
so i i recently learned that actually

900
00:33:49,590 --> 00:33:47,600
here in washington where i'm living um

901
00:33:50,950 --> 00:33:49,600
a startup company i think it's called

902
00:33:54,389 --> 00:33:50,960
helion

903
00:33:58,870 --> 00:33:54,399
has um actually started building uh

904
00:34:00,149 --> 00:33:58,880
a power plant a fusion power plant um so

905
00:34:05,029 --> 00:34:00,159
it's

906
00:34:06,389 --> 00:34:05,039
the implementation phase um which

907
00:34:08,869 --> 00:34:06,399
is pretty exciting

908
00:34:11,030 --> 00:34:08,879
so we'll see if that can get scaled

909
00:34:12,310 --> 00:34:11,040
the other thing i'd say about nuclear is

910
00:34:14,389 --> 00:34:12,320
um

911
00:34:15,909 --> 00:34:14,399
my sense is that it would it's the

912
00:34:18,950 --> 00:34:15,919
smartest thing for the climate to

913
00:34:22,230 --> 00:34:18,960
continue using existing nuclear power

914
00:34:24,550 --> 00:34:22,240
plants um they're up and running and so

915
00:34:26,869 --> 00:34:24,560
let's keep using those but it's very

916
00:34:29,349 --> 00:34:26,879
expensive to build

917
00:34:31,030 --> 00:34:29,359
power plants and so building new ones

918
00:34:33,430 --> 00:34:31,040
just doesn't really make a lot of sense

919
00:34:35,669 --> 00:34:33,440
especially now as i was saying in this

920
00:34:37,909 --> 00:34:35,679
space where renewables like solar and

921
00:34:39,909 --> 00:34:37,919
wind have become

922
00:34:42,470 --> 00:34:39,919
so affordable

923
00:34:44,550 --> 00:34:42,480
right right and there's i know there's

924
00:34:47,270 --> 00:34:44,560
some work on

925
00:34:50,950 --> 00:34:47,280
some type of reactor that's going to use

926
00:34:54,710 --> 00:34:50,960
the waste and make it less volatile or

927
00:34:57,109 --> 00:34:54,720
less uh potent um another star a nuclear

928
00:34:58,950 --> 00:34:57,119
yeah it's some type of nuclear yeah i do

929
00:35:02,790 --> 00:34:58,960
think that there is a technology where

930
00:35:04,950 --> 00:35:02,800
it can recycle the the fuel um

931
00:35:06,230 --> 00:35:04,960
i think they're called breeder reactors

932
00:35:09,030 --> 00:35:06,240
and

933
00:35:10,630 --> 00:35:09,040
um i think we tend to not use those

934
00:35:12,550 --> 00:35:10,640
because what happens is you keep

935
00:35:13,829 --> 00:35:12,560
refining and you end up with kind of

936
00:35:14,829 --> 00:35:13,839
weapons grade

937
00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:14,839
um

938
00:35:25,990 --> 00:35:23,200
security issue there yeah i can see that

939
00:35:28,069 --> 00:35:26,000
now there is i think it's iceland where

940
00:35:31,990 --> 00:35:28,079
they're they're pumping

941
00:35:33,829 --> 00:35:32,000
co2 back into the basalt down 2000 feet

942
00:35:36,550 --> 00:35:33,839
there's some a lot of companies are are

943
00:35:37,510 --> 00:35:36,560
trying to figure out ways to get carbon

944
00:35:38,950 --> 00:35:37,520
back

945
00:35:39,750 --> 00:35:38,960
into the earth

946
00:35:41,510 --> 00:35:39,760
um

947
00:35:44,870 --> 00:35:41,520
do you think that's viable it seems like

948
00:35:47,510 --> 00:35:44,880
it would be so miniscule

949
00:35:49,829 --> 00:35:47,520
i mean would have to be in such a big

950
00:35:52,390 --> 00:35:49,839
it's it's not a silver bullet like it's

951
00:35:54,950 --> 00:35:52,400
not the only solution and there needs to

952
00:35:56,630 --> 00:35:54,960
be um there needs to be reforestation

953
00:35:58,630 --> 00:35:56,640
there needs to be protection of existing

954
00:36:01,030 --> 00:35:58,640
forests there needs to be an overall

955
00:36:02,790 --> 00:36:01,040
decrease in um

956
00:36:04,069 --> 00:36:02,800
red meat consumption like there's

957
00:36:05,190 --> 00:36:04,079
there's a bunch of things that we need

958
00:36:07,670 --> 00:36:05,200
to do

959
00:36:09,750 --> 00:36:07,680
to make this work and carbon capture is

960
00:36:11,910 --> 00:36:09,760
just one of them and it is a technology

961
00:36:13,589 --> 00:36:11,920
that's available so we should be making

962
00:36:15,990 --> 00:36:13,599
full use of it

963
00:36:17,030 --> 00:36:16,000
as is technologically economically

964
00:36:17,829 --> 00:36:17,040
feasible

965
00:36:19,670 --> 00:36:17,839
um

966
00:36:21,190 --> 00:36:19,680
so it's not going to be

967
00:36:22,950 --> 00:36:21,200
it's not going to be a get out of jail

968
00:36:24,630 --> 00:36:22,960
free card where it's like oh we figured

969
00:36:26,790 --> 00:36:24,640
out how to take all of the carbon

970
00:36:29,670 --> 00:36:26,800
dioxide back out of the atmosphere so

971
00:36:31,190 --> 00:36:29,680
therefore we don't have to limit

972
00:36:33,030 --> 00:36:31,200
what we're emitting

973
00:36:35,510 --> 00:36:33,040
it's just that it becomes

974
00:36:37,030 --> 00:36:35,520
um one piece of the puzzle of the

975
00:36:39,030 --> 00:36:37,040
solution

976
00:36:40,790 --> 00:36:39,040
one of the the questions i have is kind

977
00:36:42,630 --> 00:36:40,800
of a side step has nothing to do with

978
00:36:44,150 --> 00:36:42,640
well not really has anything to do with

979
00:36:46,310 --> 00:36:44,160
climate change but

980
00:36:47,750 --> 00:36:46,320
we we suck all these you know

981
00:36:49,510 --> 00:36:47,760
millions and

982
00:36:51,670 --> 00:36:49,520
millions of barrels of oil out of the

983
00:36:53,589 --> 00:36:51,680
earth out of the shale or whatever it's

984
00:36:55,430 --> 00:36:53,599
in

985
00:36:57,990 --> 00:36:55,440
what happens to that space where it's

986
00:36:59,990 --> 00:36:58,000
sucked out of i mean does does it become

987
00:37:01,750 --> 00:37:00,000
weakened or does something else go in

988
00:37:03,270 --> 00:37:01,760
its place does anyone

989
00:37:04,790 --> 00:37:03,280
i know it's a yeah when you're trying

990
00:37:06,550 --> 00:37:04,800
when you're talking about shale that's

991
00:37:08,470 --> 00:37:06,560
specifically natural gas and that's

992
00:37:11,670 --> 00:37:08,480
what's called hydraulic fracturing or

993
00:37:13,510 --> 00:37:11,680
fracking um and so yeah there is there

994
00:37:15,990 --> 00:37:13,520
is seismic activity that results

995
00:37:19,349 --> 00:37:16,000
oklahoma um since they started fracking

996
00:37:22,470 --> 00:37:19,359
has had um many like two three

997
00:37:24,870 --> 00:37:22,480
on the richter scale earthquakes um

998
00:37:26,390 --> 00:37:24,880
2.0 3.0 sorry i was like the way i said

999
00:37:27,510 --> 00:37:26,400
that sounded weird um

1000
00:37:29,349 --> 00:37:27,520
but

1001
00:37:31,750 --> 00:37:29,359
nothing nothing goes in there except for

1002
00:37:32,790 --> 00:37:31,760
the the fracking fluid breaking the rock

1003
00:37:34,710 --> 00:37:32,800
apart

1004
00:37:37,430 --> 00:37:34,720
and then that does allow for a little

1005
00:37:38,310 --> 00:37:37,440
bit of instability and cracking to occur

1006
00:37:40,870 --> 00:37:38,320
so there

1007
00:37:42,630 --> 00:37:40,880
there are local consequences to fracking

1008
00:37:45,589 --> 00:37:42,640
as well as global consequences to

1009
00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:45,599
continuing um to to continuing

1010
00:37:49,510 --> 00:37:48,160
combusting natural gas as well

1011
00:37:50,550 --> 00:37:49,520
um

1012
00:37:53,190 --> 00:37:50,560
yeah

1013
00:37:55,589 --> 00:37:53,200
um so we're we're on this

1014
00:37:57,750 --> 00:37:55,599
i would call it we're oh i have a friend

1015
00:37:59,750 --> 00:37:57,760
that calls it we're addicted to oil

1016
00:38:00,630 --> 00:37:59,760
as it as a society

1017
00:38:03,510 --> 00:38:00,640
and

1018
00:38:05,510 --> 00:38:03,520
but i i do think you know with the

1019
00:38:07,109 --> 00:38:05,520
the the electric car coming out people

1020
00:38:09,910 --> 00:38:07,119
are thinking more

1021
00:38:12,310 --> 00:38:09,920
of heading in that direction and um i

1022
00:38:13,990 --> 00:38:12,320
know uh one of us in this group has one

1023
00:38:15,829 --> 00:38:14,000
of those

1024
00:38:18,230 --> 00:38:15,839
and uh uh

1025
00:38:21,349 --> 00:38:18,240
i think that is going to be the way of

1026
00:38:23,589 --> 00:38:21,359
the future but um the difference and it

1027
00:38:24,790 --> 00:38:23,599
does still use fossil fuels unless of

1028
00:38:27,190 --> 00:38:24,800
course it's

1029
00:38:30,950 --> 00:38:27,200
the getting charged off a nuke plant or

1030
00:38:32,390 --> 00:38:30,960
solar or whatever but um

1031
00:38:35,030 --> 00:38:32,400
do you think that

1032
00:38:35,829 --> 00:38:35,040
we will be able to get to that point

1033
00:38:38,069 --> 00:38:35,839
where

1034
00:38:40,550 --> 00:38:38,079
most people are driving electric cars

1035
00:38:42,630 --> 00:38:40,560
and and here's here's the other thing

1036
00:38:43,510 --> 00:38:42,640
with that i mean make no mistake we are

1037
00:38:46,790 --> 00:38:43,520
using

1038
00:38:49,190 --> 00:38:46,800
fossil fuel to charge that but they get

1039
00:38:50,069 --> 00:38:49,200
an equivalent of something like 130

1040
00:38:51,270 --> 00:38:50,079
miles

1041
00:38:53,670 --> 00:38:51,280
per gallon

1042
00:38:54,630 --> 00:38:53,680
because of the way the electric motor

1043
00:38:56,230 --> 00:38:54,640
works

1044
00:38:57,430 --> 00:38:56,240
um so

1045
00:38:58,550 --> 00:38:57,440
do you think we're heading in that

1046
00:39:00,550 --> 00:38:58,560
direction

1047
00:39:03,589 --> 00:39:00,560
um i

1048
00:39:04,950 --> 00:39:03,599
i i recently bought an electric car

1049
00:39:09,829 --> 00:39:04,960
um

1050
00:39:11,829 --> 00:39:09,839
true right you're getting electricity

1051
00:39:14,550 --> 00:39:11,839
from the grid and so it does depend

1052
00:39:17,270 --> 00:39:14,560
where you live in the country in terms

1053
00:39:19,109 --> 00:39:17,280
of you know what is the source of

1054
00:39:20,870 --> 00:39:19,119
energy

1055
00:39:23,109 --> 00:39:20,880
that you're getting for your car so

1056
00:39:26,390 --> 00:39:23,119
where i live in washington state most of

1057
00:39:28,950 --> 00:39:26,400
our electricity is hydropower

1058
00:39:31,349 --> 00:39:28,960
so it's a renewable form you know so by

1059
00:39:33,349 --> 00:39:31,359
me driving an electric car you know i've

1060
00:39:37,270 --> 00:39:33,359
moved myself off of

1061
00:39:39,430 --> 00:39:37,280
um gasoline and on basically hydropower

1062
00:39:42,069 --> 00:39:39,440
um

1063
00:39:43,829 --> 00:39:42,079
powering my my car so if you're in

1064
00:39:47,510 --> 00:39:43,839
another part of the country say that

1065
00:39:49,589 --> 00:39:47,520
uses coal to you know power uh um a

1066
00:39:51,910 --> 00:39:49,599
plant to produce energy that go

1067
00:39:55,030 --> 00:39:51,920
electricity that goes into your car

1068
00:39:57,109 --> 00:39:55,040
um it still ends up being better

1069
00:39:59,670 --> 00:39:57,119
um on the on the whole because of what

1070
00:40:00,470 --> 00:39:59,680
you said martin about the

1071
00:40:03,190 --> 00:40:00,480
um

1072
00:40:05,349 --> 00:40:03,200
you know the you you still get kind of

1073
00:40:07,349 --> 00:40:05,359
mile per carbon is still better in

1074
00:40:09,349 --> 00:40:07,359
electric car even if you're in a state

1075
00:40:12,150 --> 00:40:09,359
that's depending on

1076
00:40:13,030 --> 00:40:12,160
say coal to produce that electricity

1077
00:40:13,829 --> 00:40:13,040
so

1078
00:40:15,510 --> 00:40:13,839
um

1079
00:40:17,990 --> 00:40:15,520
will we get to a point where we all

1080
00:40:19,910 --> 00:40:18,000
switch over um

1081
00:40:21,510 --> 00:40:19,920
you know that's like most things that's

1082
00:40:23,430 --> 00:40:21,520
like political will and the

1083
00:40:25,589 --> 00:40:23,440
infrastructure has to be there you know

1084
00:40:27,430 --> 00:40:25,599
like it's sometimes a chicken and egg

1085
00:40:28,950 --> 00:40:27,440
thing right where it's like

1086
00:40:30,790 --> 00:40:28,960
you know you don't want to put in an

1087
00:40:32,550 --> 00:40:30,800
electric charging station until there's

1088
00:40:33,829 --> 00:40:32,560
cars that are going to use it but cars

1089
00:40:36,630 --> 00:40:33,839
aren't going to want to switch until

1090
00:40:39,030 --> 00:40:36,640
there's electric charging stations um

1091
00:40:40,550 --> 00:40:39,040
and so i think you know there at least

1092
00:40:42,790 --> 00:40:40,560
in the part of the country that i'm

1093
00:40:45,670 --> 00:40:42,800
living you know the electric charging

1094
00:40:47,510 --> 00:40:45,680
was at a point where i felt comfortable

1095
00:40:48,390 --> 00:40:47,520
that i could get anywhere that i needed

1096
00:40:51,030 --> 00:40:48,400
to

1097
00:40:53,430 --> 00:40:51,040
you know using that infrastructure um

1098
00:40:55,589 --> 00:40:53,440
and so i feel like

1099
00:40:57,030 --> 00:40:55,599
it's only going to increase as you know

1100
00:40:59,829 --> 00:40:57,040
more and more of that infrastructure

1101
00:41:02,470 --> 00:40:59,839
gets gets put in and people can feel

1102
00:41:04,230 --> 00:41:02,480
more safe and secure

1103
00:41:06,790 --> 00:41:04,240
right about

1104
00:41:09,510 --> 00:41:06,800
switching to that form of transportation

1105
00:41:11,349 --> 00:41:09,520
yeah i mean i have a friend that has one

1106
00:41:13,109 --> 00:41:11,359
a tesla and he said that

1107
00:41:14,790 --> 00:41:13,119
um it's not really that much of a hassle

1108
00:41:16,470 --> 00:41:14,800
to drive along and you can get these

1109
00:41:18,069 --> 00:41:16,480
quick charges in 20 minutes you can be

1110
00:41:20,150 --> 00:41:18,079
on your way get a cup of coffee and golf

1111
00:41:22,550 --> 00:41:20,160
so it's a little longer than fueling up

1112
00:41:24,470 --> 00:41:22,560
so uh jan is asking did you see the

1113
00:41:26,309 --> 00:41:24,480
article today that the core of the earth

1114
00:41:28,790 --> 00:41:26,319
is cooling faster than expected

1115
00:41:30,550 --> 00:41:28,800
indicating it is becoming inactive

1116
00:41:32,829 --> 00:41:30,560
like other planets meaning in time

1117
00:41:37,510 --> 00:41:32,839
humans can't live here

1118
00:41:40,230 --> 00:41:37,520
anymore yo excuse me like mars and uh

1119
00:41:41,670 --> 00:41:40,240
that yeah that does cause uh that does

1120
00:41:44,550 --> 00:41:41,680
cause problems

1121
00:41:46,829 --> 00:41:44,560
did you see that article anyone

1122
00:41:50,150 --> 00:41:46,839
i'd rather not see that article

1123
00:41:53,109 --> 00:41:50,160
no and i mean i guess i would say that

1124
00:41:57,030 --> 00:41:54,950
yeah i mean things are happening on

1125
00:41:58,309 --> 00:41:57,040
geologic time scales and so at some

1126
00:42:01,430 --> 00:41:58,319
point the world is going to be

1127
00:42:04,309 --> 00:42:01,440
inhabitable if you humans i feel like

1128
00:42:06,069 --> 00:42:04,319
like don't want a huge long time scale

1129
00:42:07,589 --> 00:42:06,079
we don't want to speed it up and i would

1130
00:42:09,510 --> 00:42:07,599
say no climate

1131
00:42:11,670 --> 00:42:09,520
climate change

1132
00:42:12,550 --> 00:42:11,680
is happening

1133
00:42:17,510 --> 00:42:12,560
in the

1134
00:42:18,790 --> 00:42:17,520
atmosphere it doesn't affect um it

1135
00:42:20,630 --> 00:42:18,800
doesn't affect

1136
00:42:23,109 --> 00:42:20,640
the core of the earth we can't we

1137
00:42:25,190 --> 00:42:23,119
literally can't touch it right we're

1138
00:42:27,910 --> 00:42:25,200
very far away from it we aren't having a

1139
00:42:30,150 --> 00:42:27,920
direct influence on it um and you know

1140
00:42:32,309 --> 00:42:30,160
and the core has done all kinds of weird

1141
00:42:36,230 --> 00:42:32,319
stuff like we the the polls reverse

1142
00:42:37,430 --> 00:42:36,240
their magnetism um on on a on a geologic

1143
00:42:40,230 --> 00:42:37,440
scale so

1144
00:42:42,069 --> 00:42:40,240
that's interesting but we can't affect

1145
00:42:43,670 --> 00:42:42,079
we we have no effect on that we don't

1146
00:42:45,750 --> 00:42:43,680
have the ability to

1147
00:42:48,150 --> 00:42:45,760
make any change like that

1148
00:42:49,910 --> 00:42:48,160
i want to put this up because um a few

1149
00:42:51,270 --> 00:42:49,920
people in chat have said i was mean by

1150
00:42:53,190 --> 00:42:51,280
kicking out the guy that kept saying

1151
00:42:55,270 --> 00:42:53,200
about the shorelines being the same so i

1152
00:42:58,390 --> 00:42:55,280
guess you can go back in time

1153
00:43:00,870 --> 00:42:58,400
somehow through google earth

1154
00:43:02,309 --> 00:43:00,880
so the shorelines look the same around

1155
00:43:03,349 --> 00:43:02,319
florida and beaches

1156
00:43:05,109 --> 00:43:03,359
and

1157
00:43:07,030 --> 00:43:05,119
uh mark at different points blah blah

1158
00:43:08,710 --> 00:43:07,040
blah anyone want to want to tackle that

1159
00:43:11,510 --> 00:43:08,720
because that's coming up a lot in in

1160
00:43:13,510 --> 00:43:11,520
chat you know i have i i'm sure megan

1161
00:43:16,150 --> 00:43:13,520
has a lot to say um i have one thing to

1162
00:43:17,190 --> 00:43:16,160
say is you know i went to north carolina

1163
00:43:19,589 --> 00:43:17,200
um

1164
00:43:22,950 --> 00:43:19,599
for christmas and we went to the beach

1165
00:43:24,950 --> 00:43:22,960
and because the shoreline was eroding

1166
00:43:28,069 --> 00:43:24,960
there had been this big investment to

1167
00:43:30,390 --> 00:43:28,079
take all of the sand and pump it

1168
00:43:32,630 --> 00:43:30,400
off of the ocean floor back up onto the

1169
00:43:34,309 --> 00:43:32,640
coastline in order to maintain the coast

1170
00:43:37,109 --> 00:43:34,319
so that people could continue living

1171
00:43:38,069 --> 00:43:37,119
there so if we're not seeing changes you

1172
00:43:42,790 --> 00:43:38,079
know

1173
00:43:44,710 --> 00:43:42,800
live on these coastlines we're investing

1174
00:43:46,470 --> 00:43:44,720
money in maintaining them

1175
00:43:49,349 --> 00:43:46,480
um that was at least what's happening

1176
00:43:53,270 --> 00:43:49,359
along the coast of north carolina um

1177
00:43:56,150 --> 00:43:53,280
active kind of re-building of these um

1178
00:43:57,990 --> 00:43:56,160
degrading coastlines so another a kind

1179
00:43:59,349 --> 00:43:58,000
of a strange question are there some

1180
00:44:02,309 --> 00:43:59,359
places where

1181
00:44:05,589 --> 00:44:02,319
the sea level seems higher than other

1182
00:44:07,190 --> 00:44:05,599
places because of uh like uh the moon's

1183
00:44:09,910 --> 00:44:07,200
orbit or something like that i mean does

1184
00:44:11,670 --> 00:44:09,920
do things change on the planet as far as

1185
00:44:12,630 --> 00:44:11,680
what we see in height

1186
00:44:15,430 --> 00:44:12,640
change

1187
00:44:17,510 --> 00:44:15,440
or is it all the same even evenly

1188
00:44:18,710 --> 00:44:17,520
there's spring tides and neap tides and

1189
00:44:20,829 --> 00:44:18,720
that kind of has to do with the

1190
00:44:22,550 --> 00:44:20,839
alignment

1191
00:44:25,990 --> 00:44:22,560
of um

1192
00:44:27,510 --> 00:44:26,000
the earth sun and moon altogether um

1193
00:44:29,270 --> 00:44:27,520
but

1194
00:44:31,670 --> 00:44:29,280
i mean i wouldn't say there's only one

1195
00:44:33,589 --> 00:44:31,680
place that has like a faster rate of sea

1196
00:44:35,829 --> 00:44:33,599
level change than anywhere else it's

1197
00:44:37,750 --> 00:44:35,839
it's they're all the oceans are all

1198
00:44:40,790 --> 00:44:37,760
connected you know they're all

1199
00:44:43,190 --> 00:44:40,800
um just a big body of water that is

1200
00:44:46,150 --> 00:44:43,200
broken up somewhat by these floating

1201
00:44:48,550 --> 00:44:46,160
pieces of land um so

1202
00:44:51,190 --> 00:44:48,560
yeah i mean where where did these people

1203
00:44:53,670 --> 00:44:51,200
get there i'm wondering if they have any

1204
00:44:54,470 --> 00:44:53,680
satellite experience or if they know how

1205
00:44:55,430 --> 00:44:54,480
to

1206
00:44:57,990 --> 00:44:55,440
um

1207
00:44:59,030 --> 00:44:58,000
you know maybe maybe they do maybe they

1208
00:45:01,270 --> 00:44:59,040
have

1209
00:45:03,750 --> 00:45:01,280
remote sensing experience and know how

1210
00:45:06,309 --> 00:45:03,760
to look at this imagery in a really

1211
00:45:07,750 --> 00:45:06,319
finely nuanced way

1212
00:45:09,990 --> 00:45:07,760
well i know there's there's a lot of

1213
00:45:11,990 --> 00:45:10,000
work in new orleans

1214
00:45:13,990 --> 00:45:12,000
for the shoreline there's a lot of work

1215
00:45:15,109 --> 00:45:14,000
as i mentioned before miami has done a

1216
00:45:16,790 --> 00:45:15,119
lot of work

1217
00:45:18,870 --> 00:45:16,800
um there's a lot of

1218
00:45:21,670 --> 00:45:18,880
places that are planning to raise

1219
00:45:23,670 --> 00:45:21,680
places up to accommodate it i mean it's

1220
00:45:24,710 --> 00:45:23,680
a real thing i don't know

1221
00:45:28,150 --> 00:45:24,720
um

1222
00:45:30,630 --> 00:45:28,160
maybe it can't be seen maybe

1223
00:45:32,150 --> 00:45:30,640
through the google earth system time

1224
00:45:32,950 --> 00:45:32,160
machine they have there i'm not really

1225
00:45:34,470 --> 00:45:32,960
sure

1226
00:45:35,430 --> 00:45:34,480
um but

1227
00:45:41,109 --> 00:45:35,440
it's

1228
00:45:44,069 --> 00:45:41,119
the rise in and the water is measurable

1229
00:45:47,030 --> 00:45:44,079
and so i just looked it up and um

1230
00:45:49,430 --> 00:45:47,040
our government says that global mean sea

1231
00:45:52,230 --> 00:45:49,440
level has risen about eight to nine

1232
00:45:54,150 --> 00:45:52,240
inches since 1880 so

1233
00:45:55,670 --> 00:45:54,160
you know i guess the question you know i

1234
00:45:57,510 --> 00:45:55,680
think this is getting at some of what i

1235
00:45:59,190 --> 00:45:57,520
was trying to say is that these changes

1236
00:46:01,910 --> 00:45:59,200
are happening

1237
00:46:04,550 --> 00:46:01,920
you know gradually right so eight to

1238
00:46:07,510 --> 00:46:04,560
nine inches over a long period of time

1239
00:46:09,990 --> 00:46:07,520
and so when we go back and we expect to

1240
00:46:13,270 --> 00:46:10,000
see these things in our lifetime

1241
00:46:15,510 --> 00:46:13,280
um that can be a little bit i think hard

1242
00:46:17,829 --> 00:46:15,520
um because these are these are slow

1243
00:46:19,910 --> 00:46:17,839
moving changes and but then they're

1244
00:46:21,990 --> 00:46:19,920
gonna keep changing there's like

1245
00:46:23,270 --> 00:46:22,000
there is inertia to them there's

1246
00:46:25,030 --> 00:46:23,280
momentum

1247
00:46:28,230 --> 00:46:25,040
they're gonna you know you set them in

1248
00:46:30,950 --> 00:46:28,240
motion they're gonna keep going um so

1249
00:46:33,829 --> 00:46:30,960
maybe we can't see eight to nine inches

1250
00:46:35,109 --> 00:46:33,839
since 1880 using google satellites but

1251
00:46:36,790 --> 00:46:35,119
you know

1252
00:46:39,670 --> 00:46:36,800
that doesn't mean that

1253
00:46:41,750 --> 00:46:39,680
it's not a real thing and again i also

1254
00:46:44,150 --> 00:46:41,760
yeah highlight that on our shorelines

1255
00:46:46,550 --> 00:46:44,160
we're actively working to maintain them

1256
00:46:48,390 --> 00:46:46,560
so there's also anthropogenic human

1257
00:46:49,589 --> 00:46:48,400
influence

1258
00:46:52,230 --> 00:46:49,599
that we're seeing

1259
00:46:55,030 --> 00:46:52,240
right here human is snap we see such a

1260
00:46:57,750 --> 00:46:55,040
small part of it and so it's helpful to

1261
00:47:00,069 --> 00:46:57,760
have instrumental records that

1262
00:47:01,910 --> 00:47:00,079
that live beyond what a human being can

1263
00:47:03,990 --> 00:47:01,920
live and go back further in time than

1264
00:47:06,470 --> 00:47:04,000
we're able to um

1265
00:47:08,630 --> 00:47:06,480
to live for um because yeah it's

1266
00:47:10,790 --> 00:47:08,640
happening over a time frame that's

1267
00:47:13,030 --> 00:47:10,800
longer than just one human's lifespan

1268
00:47:16,069 --> 00:47:13,040
but it's going it's yeah it's gaining

1269
00:47:18,950 --> 00:47:16,079
steam it's gaining momentum

1270
00:47:20,790 --> 00:47:18,960
uh i want to talk i i do want to end the

1271
00:47:22,710 --> 00:47:20,800
show where we're going to try to figure

1272
00:47:24,470 --> 00:47:22,720
out a way to

1273
00:47:25,750 --> 00:47:24,480
end on a positive note but one of the

1274
00:47:28,630 --> 00:47:25,760
things i do want to talk about you

1275
00:47:31,430 --> 00:47:28,640
mentioned megan earlier the red meat

1276
00:47:33,190 --> 00:47:31,440
ingestion and the cow methane i have a

1277
00:47:37,349 --> 00:47:33,200
friend that talks about this

1278
00:47:40,230 --> 00:47:37,359
um and methane is 80 times has 80 time

1279
00:47:41,990 --> 00:47:40,240
times the warming power of co2

1280
00:47:44,470 --> 00:47:42,000
and you know we do have a problem with

1281
00:47:46,630 --> 00:47:44,480
that with the permafrost melting and all

1282
00:47:49,030 --> 00:47:46,640
that you mentioned before but as far as

1283
00:47:49,910 --> 00:47:49,040
cows go from what i understand they

1284
00:47:53,270 --> 00:47:49,920
cause

1285
00:47:55,349 --> 00:47:53,280
as much um while global warming

1286
00:47:57,190 --> 00:47:55,359
um like you said the feathers up there

1287
00:47:59,750 --> 00:47:57,200
or whatever uh

1288
00:48:01,270 --> 00:47:59,760
as like all the transportation

1289
00:48:03,670 --> 00:48:01,280
in the world

1290
00:48:05,670 --> 00:48:03,680
i don't know if that's a true statistic

1291
00:48:07,190 --> 00:48:05,680
or not but uh

1292
00:48:09,670 --> 00:48:07,200
there's not really the only thing we can

1293
00:48:11,430 --> 00:48:09,680
do is become vegetation vegetarians

1294
00:48:14,309 --> 00:48:11,440
really i mean this what else can we do

1295
00:48:16,230 --> 00:48:14,319
as far as the cow methane goes

1296
00:48:18,710 --> 00:48:16,240
well it is it is like

1297
00:48:19,589 --> 00:48:18,720
um like rebecca said you know it's not

1298
00:48:22,390 --> 00:48:19,599
that

1299
00:48:24,309 --> 00:48:22,400
one individual has to eat zero meat it's

1300
00:48:26,950 --> 00:48:24,319
like millions of people need to cut out

1301
00:48:30,150 --> 00:48:26,960
meat once a week you know it it's the

1302
00:48:32,790 --> 00:48:30,160
power of large numbers working in tandem

1303
00:48:34,870 --> 00:48:32,800
um but there's also the effect of like

1304
00:48:37,670 --> 00:48:34,880
the reason the rain forest in brazil is

1305
00:48:40,150 --> 00:48:37,680
being deforested is for meat and soybean

1306
00:48:42,230 --> 00:48:40,160
meat production and soybean production

1307
00:48:44,790 --> 00:48:42,240
and so they're they're burning down

1308
00:48:47,990 --> 00:48:44,800
these jungle trees in order to make it

1309
00:48:50,309 --> 00:48:48,000
more conducive for agriculture and for

1310
00:48:53,270 --> 00:48:50,319
livestock raising and

1311
00:48:55,109 --> 00:48:53,280
and the rainforests are dubbed the lungs

1312
00:48:56,870 --> 00:48:55,119
of the world right we need these large

1313
00:48:59,270 --> 00:48:56,880
trees and this um

1314
00:49:00,069 --> 00:48:59,280
rich biomass to take carbon dioxide out

1315
00:49:04,230 --> 00:49:00,079
of the

1316
00:49:06,710 --> 00:49:04,240
the methane being really problematic

1317
00:49:09,349 --> 00:49:06,720
being more powerful than carbon dioxide

1318
00:49:11,349 --> 00:49:09,359
as a as a greenhouse gas but also the

1319
00:49:13,270 --> 00:49:11,359
fact that we're losing a carbon sink in

1320
00:49:15,190 --> 00:49:13,280
the form of the forest and

1321
00:49:16,549 --> 00:49:15,200
therefore emitting more carbon dioxide

1322
00:49:18,150 --> 00:49:16,559
in the process it

1323
00:49:20,150 --> 00:49:18,160
builds on top of itself there are

1324
00:49:23,030 --> 00:49:20,160
multiple factors that are

1325
00:49:25,829 --> 00:49:23,040
creating positive feedback loops that

1326
00:49:28,710 --> 00:49:25,839
build upon themselves and contribute um

1327
00:49:29,670 --> 00:49:28,720
to the problem again and again

1328
00:49:33,190 --> 00:49:29,680
i

1329
00:49:35,270 --> 00:49:33,200
um

1330
00:49:37,750 --> 00:49:35,280
the carbon footprint of beef relative to

1331
00:49:39,270 --> 00:49:37,760
other meat sources so there there's just

1332
00:49:42,309 --> 00:49:39,280
like beef is

1333
00:49:44,390 --> 00:49:42,319
beef is the most water intensive

1334
00:49:46,470 --> 00:49:44,400
kind of agriculture product it's the

1335
00:49:48,870 --> 00:49:46,480
most carbon intensive agricultural

1336
00:49:51,910 --> 00:49:48,880
product and a lot of these soybeans that

1337
00:49:53,829 --> 00:49:51,920
people are growing is to feed the beef

1338
00:49:55,430 --> 00:49:53,839
to grow the beef so

1339
00:49:58,790 --> 00:49:55,440
you know it's also that you know we're

1340
00:50:00,470 --> 00:49:58,800
growing food so then to grow beef for us

1341
00:50:01,589 --> 00:50:00,480
to eat um

1342
00:50:04,470 --> 00:50:01,599
and so

1343
00:50:06,470 --> 00:50:04,480
uh you know i still have hamburgers

1344
00:50:08,630 --> 00:50:06,480
every now and then but you know i think

1345
00:50:10,549 --> 00:50:08,640
in general i've tried to shift away from

1346
00:50:11,589 --> 00:50:10,559
that just just because

1347
00:50:14,630 --> 00:50:11,599
you know

1348
00:50:17,109 --> 00:50:14,640
things like chicken and um other protein

1349
00:50:19,030 --> 00:50:17,119
even if you don't want to go vegetarian

1350
00:50:21,670 --> 00:50:19,040
you know the the carbon and the water

1351
00:50:24,309 --> 00:50:21,680
footprint of those other meat sources is

1352
00:50:26,870 --> 00:50:24,319
a is dramatically smaller than it is you

1353
00:50:29,030 --> 00:50:26,880
know per kilocalorie per

1354
00:50:30,950 --> 00:50:29,040
weight per anything that you want to

1355
00:50:31,910 --> 00:50:30,960
divide by for beef

1356
00:50:34,470 --> 00:50:31,920
and also

1357
00:50:36,790 --> 00:50:34,480
when for anyone who didn't know we have

1358
00:50:39,109 --> 00:50:36,800
a lot of water on the planet but only

1359
00:50:41,190 --> 00:50:39,119
one percent of it is fresh water so

1360
00:50:42,470 --> 00:50:41,200
we're not working with a lot of fresh

1361
00:50:44,630 --> 00:50:42,480
water for the

1362
00:50:46,870 --> 00:50:44,640
seven billion people on the planet who

1363
00:50:48,950 --> 00:50:46,880
all need water to survive and then you

1364
00:50:51,829 --> 00:50:48,960
consider how much water goes into living

1365
00:50:53,990 --> 00:50:51,839
raising that livestock as well um so

1366
00:50:56,309 --> 00:50:54,000
like you know we got to protect what we

1367
00:50:58,710 --> 00:50:56,319
have it's it's critical it literally

1368
00:51:00,470 --> 00:50:58,720
water is literally life

1369
00:51:02,069 --> 00:51:00,480
and and back i know that's your more or

1370
00:51:04,630 --> 00:51:02,079
less your specialty

1371
00:51:07,670 --> 00:51:04,640
is is water and

1372
00:51:09,670 --> 00:51:07,680
so we need so many gallons per person

1373
00:51:11,910 --> 00:51:09,680
fresh water per person per day not just

1374
00:51:14,069 --> 00:51:11,920
for consumption but food

1375
00:51:17,190 --> 00:51:14,079
food raising and all that right

1376
00:51:19,750 --> 00:51:17,200
um yeah agriculture is the largest use

1377
00:51:21,829 --> 00:51:19,760
of water globally i mean in the us but

1378
00:51:23,910 --> 00:51:21,839
also globally so you look at like what

1379
00:51:26,870 --> 00:51:23,920
is freshwater used for

1380
00:51:29,670 --> 00:51:26,880
and like 70 of it is used

1381
00:51:33,510 --> 00:51:29,680
um for food production

1382
00:51:35,589 --> 00:51:33,520
and um i guess another point is that uh

1383
00:51:37,910 --> 00:51:35,599
in favor of renewable energy sources is

1384
00:51:40,230 --> 00:51:37,920
they use a lot less water than like a

1385
00:51:41,349 --> 00:51:40,240
fossil fuel power plant does so

1386
00:51:43,589 --> 00:51:41,359
you know

1387
00:51:46,069 --> 00:51:43,599
we're moving into this kind of future

1388
00:51:48,150 --> 00:51:46,079
where we have these uncertain hydrologic

1389
00:51:50,390 --> 00:51:48,160
patterns we have drier air is getting

1390
00:51:53,030 --> 00:51:50,400
drier wetter air is getting wetter you

1391
00:51:55,430 --> 00:51:53,040
know water scarcity water stress

1392
00:51:57,990 --> 00:51:55,440
and um

1393
00:52:00,150 --> 00:51:58,000
anyway like i think there we can get

1394
00:52:02,309 --> 00:52:00,160
these synergistic impacts right so if we

1395
00:52:04,150 --> 00:52:02,319
move to renewable energies we have both

1396
00:52:05,430 --> 00:52:04,160
the carbon benefit but also a water

1397
00:52:07,990 --> 00:52:05,440
benefit

1398
00:52:10,230 --> 00:52:08,000
yeah and i know places like california

1399
00:52:12,870 --> 00:52:10,240
have a lot of water struggles and you

1400
00:52:15,589 --> 00:52:12,880
know their almond raisin uses a lot more

1401
00:52:16,630 --> 00:52:15,599
water than a lot of other uh almonds i

1402
00:52:19,109 --> 00:52:16,640
can't remember what is something like

1403
00:52:20,870 --> 00:52:19,119
1900 gallons a pound or something like

1404
00:52:22,470 --> 00:52:20,880
that uh so

1405
00:52:24,790 --> 00:52:22,480
california has water i know this is

1406
00:52:27,270 --> 00:52:24,800
about climate change water issues

1407
00:52:29,190 --> 00:52:27,280
arizona's aquifers are you know they

1408
00:52:31,589 --> 00:52:29,200
have to go deeper and deeper to get to

1409
00:52:34,390 --> 00:52:31,599
them it's it's human activity it's

1410
00:52:36,630 --> 00:52:34,400
always about human activity that is uh

1411
00:52:39,030 --> 00:52:36,640
that is a problem

1412
00:52:40,549 --> 00:52:39,040
um for where we're going here jan has

1413
00:52:41,829 --> 00:52:40,559
another question here this can be quite

1414
00:52:44,069 --> 00:52:41,839
overwhelming do you have one or two

1415
00:52:45,589 --> 00:52:44,079
things each of us could do collectively

1416
00:52:48,069 --> 00:52:45,599
that could make an impact on slowing

1417
00:52:49,670 --> 00:52:48,079
down climate change good question

1418
00:52:50,710 --> 00:52:49,680
yeah thanks jana

1419
00:52:52,870 --> 00:52:50,720
um

1420
00:52:55,430 --> 00:52:52,880
yeah so i think it does feel

1421
00:52:57,349 --> 00:52:55,440
overwhelming and you know i'm i study

1422
00:52:59,190 --> 00:52:57,359
climate for my career so there are days

1423
00:53:02,230 --> 00:52:59,200
when i just feel like

1424
00:53:03,910 --> 00:53:02,240
you know crushed by the whole thing um

1425
00:53:06,549 --> 00:53:03,920
but i think kind of what i was trying to

1426
00:53:09,270 --> 00:53:06,559
advocate for earlier in the program of

1427
00:53:12,309 --> 00:53:09,280
you know try to try to find ways that

1428
00:53:14,790 --> 00:53:12,319
you can have a positive impact so reduce

1429
00:53:18,069 --> 00:53:14,800
your carbon footprint i calculated what

1430
00:53:19,510 --> 00:53:18,079
my carbon footprint is and my largest

1431
00:53:21,750 --> 00:53:19,520
emission was

1432
00:53:23,910 --> 00:53:21,760
flying you know so

1433
00:53:26,950 --> 00:53:23,920
now i think a little bit harder about do

1434
00:53:28,549 --> 00:53:26,960
i really need to make this flight um you

1435
00:53:30,790 --> 00:53:28,559
know can i

1436
00:53:31,510 --> 00:53:30,800
do this in a different way uh and you

1437
00:53:34,069 --> 00:53:31,520
know

1438
00:53:36,230 --> 00:53:34,079
i've tried to reduce the amount of beef

1439
00:53:38,710 --> 00:53:36,240
that i eat and the amount of meat that i

1440
00:53:40,790 --> 00:53:38,720
eat and i recognize that like you know i

1441
00:53:43,430 --> 00:53:40,800
am just this small little drop in the

1442
00:53:46,470 --> 00:53:43,440
bucket but then you know i think the

1443
00:53:48,710 --> 00:53:46,480
trick is to communicate that so

1444
00:53:51,030 --> 00:53:48,720
talk to your friends and talk to your

1445
00:53:54,309 --> 00:53:51,040
neighbors and talk to your colleagues

1446
00:53:57,109 --> 00:53:54,319
and go on podcasts like this and

1447
00:53:59,109 --> 00:53:57,119
or shows and you know talk about it and

1448
00:54:01,190 --> 00:53:59,119
and hopefully you know you can you can

1449
00:54:03,750 --> 00:54:01,200
be like the drop in the bucket that then

1450
00:54:06,549 --> 00:54:03,760
has ripples right and and

1451
00:54:08,630 --> 00:54:06,559
and then we can have a collective impact

1452
00:54:10,230 --> 00:54:08,640
another thing that um

1453
00:54:12,549 --> 00:54:10,240
i read that i think is a really great

1454
00:54:14,230 --> 00:54:12,559
idea is to also then support

1455
00:54:16,790 --> 00:54:14,240
organizations

1456
00:54:18,790 --> 00:54:16,800
that are um focused on addressing these

1457
00:54:19,910 --> 00:54:18,800
issues kind of at the systemic level

1458
00:54:21,589 --> 00:54:19,920
right so

1459
00:54:24,230 --> 00:54:21,599
maybe an organization that's really

1460
00:54:25,990 --> 00:54:24,240
focused on trying to pass legislation or

1461
00:54:29,030 --> 00:54:26,000
you know support certain

1462
00:54:31,510 --> 00:54:29,040
bills and you know if you can

1463
00:54:33,430 --> 00:54:31,520
give your financial or time financial

1464
00:54:35,589 --> 00:54:33,440
support or time to those organizations

1465
00:54:38,630 --> 00:54:35,599
you know then then that also has that

1466
00:54:40,150 --> 00:54:38,640
kind of ballooning positive effect

1467
00:54:44,630 --> 00:54:40,160
very good i think your cat is

1468
00:54:50,870 --> 00:54:47,750
yeah uh any any thoughts on that also

1469
00:54:54,069 --> 00:54:50,880
megan what what can you do use your

1470
00:54:56,150 --> 00:54:54,079
voice you like please like your voice is

1471
00:54:57,750 --> 00:54:56,160
powerful i was really scared to come on

1472
00:54:59,190 --> 00:54:57,760
this podcast because i was like people

1473
00:54:59,910 --> 00:54:59,200
are going to hunt me down and like you

1474
00:55:04,950 --> 00:54:59,920
know

1475
00:55:08,150 --> 00:55:04,960
but like it's worth it to speak up and

1476
00:55:10,069 --> 00:55:08,160
like we have to work together and we

1477
00:55:12,710 --> 00:55:10,079
have to be willing to talk about this

1478
00:55:14,870 --> 00:55:12,720
and if someone's blatantly saying

1479
00:55:18,150 --> 00:55:14,880
that it's not happening or it's not due

1480
00:55:20,230 --> 00:55:18,160
to human activity that's

1481
00:55:21,829 --> 00:55:20,240
wrong that is factually wrong it doesn't

1482
00:55:24,150 --> 00:55:21,839
mean that person is a bad person it

1483
00:55:26,630 --> 00:55:24,160
doesn't make them less intelligent it's

1484
00:55:28,470 --> 00:55:26,640
just a factually incorrect statement so

1485
00:55:30,549 --> 00:55:28,480
like don't be afraid to stand up to it

1486
00:55:33,670 --> 00:55:30,559
and be like that's not true like

1487
00:55:35,910 --> 00:55:33,680
we know definitively exactly

1488
00:55:38,390 --> 00:55:35,920
what is causing this change to happen so

1489
00:55:40,470 --> 00:55:38,400
rapidly it's us we're doing it we can

1490
00:55:42,789 --> 00:55:40,480
choose to undo it and there is a lot of

1491
00:55:43,589 --> 00:55:42,799
agency that can be found in recognizing

1492
00:55:45,670 --> 00:55:43,599
that

1493
00:55:48,630 --> 00:55:45,680
um we got ourselves into this mess and

1494
00:55:50,789 --> 00:55:48,640
we do have a lot of tools available for

1495
00:55:52,150 --> 00:55:50,799
us to try and get ourselves out of this

1496
00:55:53,670 --> 00:55:52,160
mess and to work toward a more

1497
00:55:56,069 --> 00:55:53,680
sustainable future

1498
00:55:58,470 --> 00:55:56,079
um but yeah you know try and conserve

1499
00:56:00,150 --> 00:55:58,480
water use if you live in a dry place i'd

1500
00:56:02,630 --> 00:56:00,160
say like learn what learn what the

1501
00:56:05,109 --> 00:56:02,640
challenges are in your regional area

1502
00:56:07,030 --> 00:56:05,119
mine is drought and wildfire

1503
00:56:09,270 --> 00:56:07,040
i volunteer at the at the fire

1504
00:56:11,990 --> 00:56:09,280
department because that might save

1505
00:56:14,150 --> 00:56:12,000
someone's house someday you know like i

1506
00:56:16,470 --> 00:56:14,160
i contribute my time and my money in

1507
00:56:17,990 --> 00:56:16,480
ways that try to support the efforts

1508
00:56:20,630 --> 00:56:18,000
that go toward

1509
00:56:23,750 --> 00:56:20,640
making our communities more resilient

1510
00:56:25,270 --> 00:56:23,760
and stronger against these very extreme

1511
00:56:27,589 --> 00:56:25,280
changes and

1512
00:56:30,150 --> 00:56:27,599
you have a lot of power every individual

1513
00:56:31,829 --> 00:56:30,160
person has a lot of agency and so don't

1514
00:56:35,589 --> 00:56:31,839
be afraid to use it and don't be afraid

1515
00:56:37,750 --> 00:56:35,599
to exercise it and yeah if we if we all

1516
00:56:40,069 --> 00:56:37,760
just make small changes together the

1517
00:56:43,510 --> 00:56:40,079
power of large numbers will will bring

1518
00:56:45,589 --> 00:56:43,520
changes that are tangible to fruition

1519
00:56:46,549 --> 00:56:45,599
one of the things that go ahead becca go

1520
00:56:48,549 --> 00:56:46,559
ahead

1521
00:56:50,230 --> 00:56:48,559
i'll interrupt you um

1522
00:56:52,470 --> 00:56:50,240
the other kind of point i want to make

1523
00:56:54,710 --> 00:56:52,480
is that you know each bit of warming

1524
00:56:56,549 --> 00:56:54,720
that we experience the consequences get

1525
00:56:59,670 --> 00:56:56,559
worse and worse and worse and worse you

1526
00:57:02,470 --> 00:56:59,680
know so you know i think every little

1527
00:57:04,230 --> 00:57:02,480
bit that we can do to help kind of keep

1528
00:57:06,390 --> 00:57:04,240
you know the warming

1529
00:57:08,549 --> 00:57:06,400
to like one and a half degrees celsius

1530
00:57:10,870 --> 00:57:08,559
instead of two or three or four degrees

1531
00:57:12,390 --> 00:57:10,880
like that is going to be

1532
00:57:13,910 --> 00:57:12,400
noticeable

1533
00:57:14,870 --> 00:57:13,920
these are going to be noticeably

1534
00:57:17,190 --> 00:57:14,880
different

1535
00:57:19,270 --> 00:57:17,200
you know negative outcomes

1536
00:57:21,109 --> 00:57:19,280
that scale with each kind of increment

1537
00:57:22,710 --> 00:57:21,119
of warming so i think everything that we

1538
00:57:24,950 --> 00:57:22,720
can collectively do

1539
00:57:28,069 --> 00:57:24,960
to limit that warming means like a

1540
00:57:29,910 --> 00:57:28,079
better outcome for the world

1541
00:57:31,670 --> 00:57:29,920
and there's uh

1542
00:57:34,710 --> 00:57:31,680
what do they call it when they geo

1543
00:57:35,670 --> 00:57:34,720
engineering that that kind of scares me

1544
00:57:37,510 --> 00:57:35,680
um

1545
00:57:39,190 --> 00:57:37,520
some of the thoughts what kind of scares

1546
00:57:42,069 --> 00:57:39,200
me is you know

1547
00:57:44,150 --> 00:57:42,079
for every action there's a reaction and

1548
00:57:45,270 --> 00:57:44,160
you can go too far with something and

1549
00:57:47,670 --> 00:57:45,280
you could

1550
00:57:48,870 --> 00:57:47,680
you know tip it the other way and there

1551
00:57:52,870 --> 00:57:48,880
they talk about

1552
00:57:55,030 --> 00:57:52,880
um working on cirrus clouds um

1553
00:57:57,990 --> 00:57:55,040
you know just because they hold in the

1554
00:57:59,990 --> 00:57:58,000
heat they talk about reflective things

1555
00:58:01,349 --> 00:58:00,000
in the atmosphere like in an aerosol

1556
00:58:03,589 --> 00:58:01,359
reflective

1557
00:58:05,270 --> 00:58:03,599
um situation but i i think that's kind

1558
00:58:06,950 --> 00:58:05,280
of messing with mother nature and what

1559
00:58:08,470 --> 00:58:06,960
are your thoughts on that either one of

1560
00:58:10,230 --> 00:58:08,480
you

1561
00:58:12,309 --> 00:58:10,240
yeah first and foremost we got to just

1562
00:58:14,470 --> 00:58:12,319
keep fossil fuels in the ground and and

1563
00:58:15,349 --> 00:58:14,480
harvest energy from other sources that

1564
00:58:20,630 --> 00:58:15,359
is

1565
00:58:22,390 --> 00:58:20,640
goal um and if we were to put aerosols

1566
00:58:24,309 --> 00:58:22,400
in the atmosphere like that's going to

1567
00:58:27,030 --> 00:58:24,319
be a temporary that's a band-aid you

1568
00:58:29,829 --> 00:58:27,040
know it doesn't last forever it's a it's

1569
00:58:31,910 --> 00:58:29,839
a very temporary solution solution i

1570
00:58:32,710 --> 00:58:31,920
won't call it a true solution

1571
00:58:34,069 --> 00:58:32,720
um

1572
00:58:36,309 --> 00:58:34,079
and we don't know

1573
00:58:38,390 --> 00:58:36,319
the the consequences of that are also

1574
00:58:39,910 --> 00:58:38,400
unknown to us the unknown unknowns we

1575
00:58:40,630 --> 00:58:39,920
don't know um

1576
00:58:43,430 --> 00:58:40,640
if

1577
00:58:45,910 --> 00:58:43,440
the materials we choose will be safe to

1578
00:58:49,030 --> 00:58:45,920
go into waterways or if they could have

1579
00:58:51,510 --> 00:58:49,040
other um negative health impacts for

1580
00:58:53,430 --> 00:58:51,520
whatever creatures come into contact

1581
00:58:54,630 --> 00:58:53,440
with those aerosols

1582
00:58:56,630 --> 00:58:54,640
so it really depends on what they're

1583
00:58:59,510 --> 00:58:56,640
made out of but

1584
00:59:01,829 --> 00:58:59,520
it's not going to be a big enough

1585
00:59:03,190 --> 00:59:01,839
solution on its own to the overwhelming

1586
00:59:05,670 --> 00:59:03,200
amount of

1587
00:59:07,430 --> 00:59:05,680
emissions that we're pumping out

1588
00:59:09,990 --> 00:59:07,440
sometimes people talk about

1589
00:59:11,589 --> 00:59:10,000
geoengineering um

1590
00:59:13,750 --> 00:59:11,599
i guess you know i think i would i would

1591
00:59:15,589 --> 00:59:13,760
think of it in two different ways so and

1592
00:59:17,190 --> 00:59:15,599
maybe people define it differently but i

1593
00:59:19,109 --> 00:59:17,200
think if there's engineering where we're

1594
00:59:21,670 --> 00:59:19,119
trying to kind of sequester more of that

1595
00:59:24,069 --> 00:59:21,680
carbon below ground and so

1596
00:59:25,829 --> 00:59:24,079
carbon capture and storage or

1597
00:59:28,470 --> 00:59:25,839
you know doing enhanced mineral

1598
00:59:30,789 --> 00:59:28,480
weathering to try to kind of speed up

1599
00:59:32,630 --> 00:59:30,799
the sequestration and pulling of carbon

1600
00:59:34,630 --> 00:59:32,640
out of the atmosphere into below ground

1601
00:59:37,910 --> 00:59:34,640
reservoirs um

1602
00:59:40,470 --> 00:59:37,920
trying to store carbon in soils

1603
00:59:42,390 --> 00:59:40,480
that level of geoengineering i think is

1604
00:59:44,069 --> 00:59:42,400
actually i feel comfortable with and i

1605
00:59:46,470 --> 00:59:44,079
think would be really positive because

1606
00:59:48,870 --> 00:59:46,480
ultimately that's pulling co2 out of the

1607
00:59:49,829 --> 00:59:48,880
atmosphere and putting it back below

1608
00:59:52,069 --> 00:59:49,839
ground

1609
00:59:53,910 --> 00:59:52,079
yes the type of geoengineering i feel

1610
00:59:56,069 --> 00:59:53,920
uncomfortable with is the like let's

1611
00:59:57,990 --> 00:59:56,079
just keep putting co2 in the atmosphere

1612
00:59:59,589 --> 00:59:58,000
but let's kind of like

1613
01:00:02,230 --> 00:59:59,599
reflect the sun

1614
01:00:03,349 --> 01:00:02,240
off of our atmosphere because

1615
01:00:06,630 --> 01:00:03,359
you know

1616
01:00:09,430 --> 01:00:06,640
the minute those reflectors disappear or

1617
01:00:12,309 --> 01:00:09,440
fall or you know i don't know like

1618
01:00:13,670 --> 01:00:12,319
then we have this huge blanket of co2

1619
01:00:15,109 --> 01:00:13,680
around our atmosphere and we're going to

1620
01:00:18,549 --> 01:00:15,119
get like a

1621
01:00:20,789 --> 01:00:18,559
a big sudden response to that um so

1622
01:00:23,190 --> 01:00:20,799
that's the type of geoengineering like

1623
01:00:25,030 --> 01:00:23,200
messing with the atmosphere and and like

1624
01:00:27,190 --> 01:00:25,040
the energy coming in from the sun where

1625
01:00:30,150 --> 01:00:27,200
i start to feel uncomfortable

1626
01:00:32,390 --> 01:00:30,160
right here's a uh rob on earth

1627
01:00:34,150 --> 01:00:32,400
that's a good name for this show if we

1628
01:00:36,630 --> 01:00:34,160
stopped using fossil fuels today how

1629
01:00:39,510 --> 01:00:36,640
much warming would we see after things

1630
01:00:46,069 --> 01:00:42,549
if we were to succeed in

1631
01:00:49,109 --> 01:00:46,079
completely ceasing all emissions today

1632
01:00:51,990 --> 01:00:49,119
we would definitely stay below the two

1633
01:00:53,910 --> 01:00:52,000
degrees celsius warming target

1634
01:00:56,549 --> 01:00:53,920
like i probably would say there's like a

1635
01:00:58,630 --> 01:00:56,559
tenth of a degree or two tenths of a

1636
01:01:01,670 --> 01:00:58,640
degree that would happen as a

1637
01:01:03,430 --> 01:01:01,680
consequence of all of our past emissions

1638
01:01:05,829 --> 01:01:03,440
but um

1639
01:01:08,470 --> 01:01:05,839
it's it's just it's not gonna happen you

1640
01:01:10,710 --> 01:01:08,480
know like i wish it would um

1641
01:01:12,230 --> 01:01:10,720
so so that's why

1642
01:01:14,150 --> 01:01:12,240
these climate scientists are like we

1643
01:01:15,750 --> 01:01:14,160
have a narrow window of time to make

1644
01:01:18,630 --> 01:01:15,760
this happen it's because it is still

1645
01:01:19,910 --> 01:01:18,640
possible um but the more we

1646
01:01:22,630 --> 01:01:19,920
allow

1647
01:01:25,990 --> 01:01:22,640
this accumulation of carbon dioxide to

1648
01:01:27,430 --> 01:01:26,000
build up and methane to build up

1649
01:01:29,270 --> 01:01:27,440
is going to make it

1650
01:01:31,109 --> 01:01:29,280
really really hard for us to pull the

1651
01:01:32,470 --> 01:01:31,119
ball back up onto the precipice it's

1652
01:01:33,990 --> 01:01:32,480
going to get further and further away

1653
01:01:35,430 --> 01:01:34,000
from us and it's going to take more of a

1654
01:01:36,870 --> 01:01:35,440
herculean

1655
01:01:38,789 --> 01:01:36,880
effort to

1656
01:01:39,670 --> 01:01:38,799
to pull it back up to

1657
01:01:43,030 --> 01:01:39,680
a

1658
01:01:45,510 --> 01:01:43,040
live in so

1659
01:01:48,069 --> 01:01:45,520
um yeah if we completely suddenly were

1660
01:01:49,829 --> 01:01:48,079
like boom we have nuclear fusion boom we

1661
01:01:51,910 --> 01:01:49,839
have renewables everywhere we don't need

1662
01:01:54,710 --> 01:01:51,920
to burn any more carbon dioxide like

1663
01:01:57,109 --> 01:01:54,720
amazing we'd be good to go um we would

1664
01:01:59,109 --> 01:01:57,119
still experience a little bit of warming

1665
01:01:59,990 --> 01:01:59,119
but not enough to be like we have wiped

1666
01:02:01,589 --> 01:02:00,000
out

1667
01:02:03,990 --> 01:02:01,599
earth

1668
01:02:05,990 --> 01:02:04,000
yeah i think that the model you know the

1669
01:02:07,510 --> 01:02:06,000
so one and a half degrees is kind of

1670
01:02:10,230 --> 01:02:07,520
this current

1671
01:02:12,230 --> 01:02:10,240
you know benchmark that we're aiming for

1672
01:02:14,549 --> 01:02:12,240
i think nothing is on target for that

1673
01:02:16,950 --> 01:02:14,559
like the paris agreement the agreements

1674
01:02:18,470 --> 01:02:16,960
made in glasgow recently like

1675
01:02:20,549 --> 01:02:18,480
none of that is going to get us to that

1676
01:02:21,990 --> 01:02:20,559
one and a half degree

1677
01:02:24,950 --> 01:02:22,000
benchmark but

1678
01:02:27,190 --> 01:02:24,960
the um you know the modeling scenarios

1679
01:02:28,950 --> 01:02:27,200
that are looking at you know

1680
01:02:32,309 --> 01:02:28,960
how would it be possible to get there

1681
01:02:35,190 --> 01:02:32,319
they all involve you know transitioning

1682
01:02:36,870 --> 01:02:35,200
um you know to these uh low carbon

1683
01:02:39,750 --> 01:02:36,880
emission

1684
01:02:41,910 --> 01:02:39,760
sources and then making you know lots of

1685
01:02:42,630 --> 01:02:41,920
changes to our transportation systems

1686
01:02:46,390 --> 01:02:42,640
and

1687
01:02:48,549 --> 01:02:46,400
involved was some sort of form of this

1688
01:02:50,150 --> 01:02:48,559
carbon capture so this moving and

1689
01:02:52,150 --> 01:02:50,160
sequestering our carbon out of the

1690
01:02:53,990 --> 01:02:52,160
atmosphere and storing it in soils or

1691
01:02:54,789 --> 01:02:54,000
storing it below ground

1692
01:02:56,230 --> 01:02:54,799
um

1693
01:02:57,109 --> 01:02:56,240
so

1694
01:03:00,230 --> 01:02:57,119
yeah

1695
01:03:01,270 --> 01:03:00,240
um one of the things i i've heard people

1696
01:03:02,789 --> 01:03:01,280
say

1697
01:03:04,630 --> 01:03:02,799
in the past is

1698
01:03:06,789 --> 01:03:04,640
why should we as a nation do anything

1699
01:03:09,670 --> 01:03:06,799
about this of course i know we're the

1700
01:03:11,430 --> 01:03:09,680
number one use you know uh offender but

1701
01:03:13,349 --> 01:03:11,440
why should we do anything as a nation

1702
01:03:15,430 --> 01:03:13,359
about this if other countries that are

1703
01:03:19,430 --> 01:03:15,440
not part of the paris climate accord for

1704
01:03:21,349 --> 01:03:19,440
one uh will not do anything themselves

1705
01:03:22,230 --> 01:03:21,359
so

1706
01:03:27,750 --> 01:03:22,240
um

1707
01:03:29,829 --> 01:03:27,760
uh in the u.s we we are like we've

1708
01:03:32,069 --> 01:03:29,839
emitted the most carbon and we are

1709
01:03:34,309 --> 01:03:32,079
currently like per person the largest

1710
01:03:36,230 --> 01:03:34,319
emitters of carbon um

1711
01:03:37,589 --> 01:03:36,240
so i think you know

1712
01:03:39,589 --> 01:03:37,599
we've gone

1713
01:03:41,349 --> 01:03:39,599
like most of the carbon dioxide that

1714
01:03:43,270 --> 01:03:41,359
exists in the atmosphere

1715
01:03:45,349 --> 01:03:43,280
is because of us and what we've done

1716
01:03:47,510 --> 01:03:45,359
here in the us and so

1717
01:03:50,150 --> 01:03:47,520
um you know other countries are

1718
01:03:52,069 --> 01:03:50,160
following in our footsteps and

1719
01:03:53,990 --> 01:03:52,079
you know we can't blame them for that

1720
01:03:57,349 --> 01:03:54,000
because we have this amazing quality of

1721
01:03:59,349 --> 01:03:57,359
life that other nations want to achieve

1722
01:04:01,349 --> 01:03:59,359
um so i think

1723
01:04:03,029 --> 01:04:01,359
we should be the leaders

1724
01:04:04,950 --> 01:04:03,039
kind of saying like okay we've had the

1725
01:04:07,109 --> 01:04:04,960
benefit of all this

1726
01:04:08,069 --> 01:04:07,119
carbon we've achieved this great quality

1727
01:04:09,910 --> 01:04:08,079
of life

1728
01:04:11,029 --> 01:04:09,920
and you know we have the ability to

1729
01:04:14,710 --> 01:04:11,039
invest

1730
01:04:17,190 --> 01:04:14,720
and create this you know low carbon

1731
01:04:18,150 --> 01:04:17,200
technology and pathways and then you

1732
01:04:20,870 --> 01:04:18,160
know

1733
01:04:22,069 --> 01:04:20,880
help other countries develop using that

1734
01:04:23,270 --> 01:04:22,079
low carbon

1735
01:04:25,750 --> 01:04:23,280
um

1736
01:04:28,150 --> 01:04:25,760
you know and also

1737
01:04:32,390 --> 01:04:29,990
if you look at who's going to suffer the

1738
01:04:34,789 --> 01:04:32,400
consequences of climate change it's all

1739
01:04:37,349 --> 01:04:34,799
the people who did not emit the carbon

1740
01:04:39,190 --> 01:04:37,359
right i mean we we are going to suffer

1741
01:04:41,670 --> 01:04:39,200
from climate change but

1742
01:04:43,510 --> 01:04:41,680
the people who are really gonna be like

1743
01:04:44,789 --> 01:04:43,520
having the negative health effects you

1744
01:04:47,270 --> 01:04:44,799
know being

1745
01:04:49,430 --> 01:04:47,280
uh refugees because they can't live at

1746
01:04:52,470 --> 01:04:49,440
the equator any longer you know it's

1747
01:04:55,109 --> 01:04:52,480
these kind of poorer nations that their

1748
01:04:57,670 --> 01:04:55,119
carbon footprint is tiny compared to us

1749
01:05:00,069 --> 01:04:57,680
and so i personally see it as kind of an

1750
01:05:01,910 --> 01:05:00,079
ethical issue right like

1751
01:05:04,470 --> 01:05:01,920
this is the

1752
01:05:05,990 --> 01:05:04,480
this is our dirty laundry basically like

1753
01:05:09,430 --> 01:05:06,000
we need to

1754
01:05:11,829 --> 01:05:09,440
take care of it

1755
01:05:13,990 --> 01:05:11,839
very good uh we had phil long time

1756
01:05:16,069 --> 01:05:14,000
listener phil he wanted to know why

1757
01:05:17,829 --> 01:05:16,079
would a warmer earth be worse than a

1758
01:05:19,589 --> 01:05:17,839
colder earth

1759
01:05:21,670 --> 01:05:19,599
he said it sounds like a funny question

1760
01:05:23,510 --> 01:05:21,680
but he wanted that address

1761
01:05:24,549 --> 01:05:23,520
it's and the cat the cat's already got

1762
01:05:26,309 --> 01:05:24,559
that one

1763
01:05:29,029 --> 01:05:26,319
it's not necessary like i don't want to

1764
01:05:30,630 --> 01:05:29,039
say like it's good or bad like earth has

1765
01:05:33,109 --> 01:05:30,640
done all kinds of stuff it's been all

1766
01:05:34,870 --> 01:05:33,119
types of temperatures in the past again

1767
01:05:37,430 --> 01:05:34,880
it's the rate of change and it's the

1768
01:05:39,750 --> 01:05:37,440
ability for the organisms that currently

1769
01:05:41,589 --> 01:05:39,760
live on this planet under the under the

1770
01:05:42,470 --> 01:05:41,599
climate conditions that they've evolved

1771
01:05:45,029 --> 01:05:42,480
under

1772
01:05:46,150 --> 01:05:45,039
not being able to adapt in time i mean

1773
01:05:50,470 --> 01:05:46,160
we

1774
01:05:52,870 --> 01:05:50,480
mass extinction right now and that's

1775
01:05:55,750 --> 01:05:52,880
because of habitat loss habitat

1776
01:05:58,150 --> 01:05:55,760
fragmentation um lack of lack of

1777
01:05:59,829 --> 01:05:58,160
resources for animals and um i

1778
01:06:02,549 --> 01:05:59,839
personally don't want to live in a world

1779
01:06:06,390 --> 01:06:02,559
where we only have domesticated

1780
01:06:08,950 --> 01:06:06,400
animals for company and and you know our

1781
01:06:11,829 --> 01:06:08,960
our entire um

1782
01:06:13,990 --> 01:06:11,839
existence is intricately linked whether

1783
01:06:17,109 --> 01:06:14,000
or not we realize it with the multitude

1784
01:06:18,390 --> 01:06:17,119
of bugs and birds and biodiversity and

1785
01:06:20,710 --> 01:06:18,400
fish and

1786
01:06:21,990 --> 01:06:20,720
and um you know there's so many types of

1787
01:06:24,549 --> 01:06:22,000
life and there was such a great

1788
01:06:26,710 --> 01:06:24,559
abundance of life that um it's worth

1789
01:06:28,789 --> 01:06:26,720
it's worth preserving and we know what's

1790
01:06:30,870 --> 01:06:28,799
happening and why these species are

1791
01:06:32,630 --> 01:06:30,880
dying off and it's um

1792
01:06:35,589 --> 01:06:32,640
it's also an ethical question of

1793
01:06:38,309 --> 01:06:35,599
preserving non-human life forms that

1794
01:06:40,549 --> 01:06:38,319
don't that can't vote that can't cast a

1795
01:06:42,870 --> 01:06:40,559
ballot that can't put their money toward

1796
01:06:44,950 --> 01:06:42,880
organizations um and i think that

1797
01:06:47,589 --> 01:06:44,960
there's value to those species in and of

1798
01:06:50,630 --> 01:06:47,599
themselves just as existing on this

1799
01:06:53,190 --> 01:06:50,640
planet um yeah it's two up to two

1800
01:06:53,910 --> 01:06:53,200
thousand species a year become extinct

1801
01:06:55,829 --> 01:06:53,920
yeah

1802
01:06:57,670 --> 01:06:55,839
and a lot of that is climate change it's

1803
01:06:59,430 --> 01:06:57,680
a hundred to a thousand times faster

1804
01:07:01,349 --> 01:06:59,440
than the normal background rate of

1805
01:07:02,470 --> 01:07:01,359
extinction because species go extinct

1806
01:07:04,710 --> 01:07:02,480
all the time we can see it in the

1807
01:07:07,109 --> 01:07:04,720
geologic record that's not new

1808
01:07:10,390 --> 01:07:07,119
information but it is happening a lot

1809
01:07:12,069 --> 01:07:10,400
faster because of the exponential curve

1810
01:07:15,109 --> 01:07:12,079
that big swoop

1811
01:07:18,309 --> 01:07:15,119
toward hotter temperatures and um more

1812
01:07:20,789 --> 01:07:18,319
more co2 co2 um so we should care i mean

1813
01:07:21,670 --> 01:07:20,799
we should care about um biodiversity

1814
01:07:22,549 --> 01:07:21,680
because

1815
01:07:24,230 --> 01:07:22,559
um

1816
01:07:25,990 --> 01:07:24,240
you can care about it for its own sake

1817
01:07:27,910 --> 01:07:26,000
but also you can care about it in a

1818
01:07:30,870 --> 01:07:27,920
selfish way because we humans are

1819
01:07:32,549 --> 01:07:30,880
dependent upon plants and animals

1820
01:07:34,549 --> 01:07:32,559
directly and indirectly for our own

1821
01:07:35,910 --> 01:07:34,559
well-being

1822
01:07:37,910 --> 01:07:35,920
right

1823
01:07:40,870 --> 01:07:37,920
and the other question was what volume

1824
01:07:43,349 --> 01:07:40,880
of greenhouse gases were released from

1825
01:07:45,670 --> 01:07:43,359
the mega underwater volcanic eruption

1826
01:07:48,230 --> 01:07:45,680
last week and how does that compare to

1827
01:07:48,950 --> 01:07:48,240
human activity i probably don't have

1828
01:07:52,230 --> 01:07:48,960
that

1829
01:07:54,630 --> 01:07:52,240
i don't know if you do either one of you

1830
01:07:57,109 --> 01:07:54,640
do i don't have it readily available

1831
01:07:58,630 --> 01:07:57,119
yeah but well let's just say the general

1832
01:08:01,910 --> 01:07:58,640
question how would that

1833
01:08:03,510 --> 01:08:01,920
volcano eruption compare to human

1834
01:08:06,710 --> 01:08:03,520
activity as far as

1835
01:08:09,109 --> 01:08:06,720
i mean i guess it's tiny it's tiny if we

1836
01:08:11,270 --> 01:08:09,119
were if every single volcano on earth

1837
01:08:13,349 --> 01:08:11,280
would erupt at the same time it would

1838
01:08:15,829 --> 01:08:13,359
still be orders of magnitude smaller

1839
01:08:18,149 --> 01:08:15,839
than what human beings are emitting

1840
01:08:19,829 --> 01:08:18,159
actively to power our lifestyle to

1841
01:08:21,430 --> 01:08:19,839
energize our

1842
01:08:23,269 --> 01:08:21,440
electrical grid

1843
01:08:24,390 --> 01:08:23,279
and transport ourselves all around the

1844
01:08:25,910 --> 01:08:24,400
world so

1845
01:08:28,309 --> 01:08:25,920
we would we would definitely have a

1846
01:08:30,550 --> 01:08:28,319
cooling down for a number of years if we

1847
01:08:33,269 --> 01:08:30,560
had a major volcano if we had a lot of

1848
01:08:35,030 --> 01:08:33,279
aerosols in the in the atmosphere

1849
01:08:36,789 --> 01:08:35,040
blocking out the sun for a while we

1850
01:08:38,550 --> 01:08:36,799
would have a nice

1851
01:08:41,030 --> 01:08:38,560
but it would be temporary and it would

1852
01:08:43,110 --> 01:08:41,040
be over again

1853
01:08:44,229 --> 01:08:43,120
by us

1854
01:08:47,189 --> 01:08:44,239
yeah

1855
01:08:49,269 --> 01:08:47,199
um so i think we're getting sort of

1856
01:08:51,590 --> 01:08:49,279
toward the end and so i'd like to this

1857
01:08:53,749 --> 01:08:51,600
was a question you gave me megan is how

1858
01:08:56,470 --> 01:08:53,759
can we work toward ensuring our children

1859
01:08:59,430 --> 01:08:56,480
and grandchildren inherit a habitable

1860
01:09:01,430 --> 01:08:59,440
planet i mean you we're kind of you've

1861
01:09:04,309 --> 01:09:01,440
sort of both sort of talked about that a

1862
01:09:06,390 --> 01:09:04,319
little bit but any other input on that

1863
01:09:09,510 --> 01:09:06,400
yeah jan asked that really good question

1864
01:09:12,630 --> 01:09:09,520
about what we can do as individuals um

1865
01:09:15,749 --> 01:09:12,640
but like so sustainability means like um

1866
01:09:18,390 --> 01:09:15,759
meeting our needs as this present

1867
01:09:20,870 --> 01:09:18,400
iteration of humans on the planet um

1868
01:09:23,110 --> 01:09:20,880
without taking the ability of future

1869
01:09:25,829 --> 01:09:23,120
generations to meet their needs and that

1870
01:09:28,550 --> 01:09:25,839
means we really need to rethink about

1871
01:09:32,390 --> 01:09:28,560
how the economy is represented because

1872
01:09:34,950 --> 01:09:32,400
fresh water and arable soil that is

1873
01:09:37,510 --> 01:09:34,960
able to grow crops those should be

1874
01:09:39,829 --> 01:09:37,520
valued the same way that gold is valued

1875
01:09:42,470 --> 01:09:39,839
or that minerals are valued like those

1876
01:09:45,349 --> 01:09:42,480
are resources that sustain life and so

1877
01:09:47,990 --> 01:09:45,359
we need to incorporate um environmental

1878
01:09:48,870 --> 01:09:48,000
economics into our way of thinking about

1879
01:09:51,269 --> 01:09:48,880
um

1880
01:09:54,790 --> 01:09:51,279
how we exist on this planet we need we

1881
01:09:57,350 --> 01:09:54,800
need natural systems we need biological

1882
01:09:59,189 --> 01:09:57,360
services in order to sustain our own

1883
01:10:01,990 --> 01:09:59,199
life forces so

1884
01:10:04,870 --> 01:10:02,000
if we were to completely revamp the way

1885
01:10:08,070 --> 01:10:04,880
that we examine our economic activity

1886
01:10:09,750 --> 01:10:08,080
and our consumption to include those

1887
01:10:11,510 --> 01:10:09,760
natural resources that we're like oh

1888
01:10:13,669 --> 01:10:11,520
we'll never run out of fresh water oh

1889
01:10:15,430 --> 01:10:13,679
we'll never run out of you know soil no

1890
01:10:17,750 --> 01:10:15,440
we're running out of them we really are

1891
01:10:21,189 --> 01:10:17,760
like one percent is fresh water and

1892
01:10:24,470 --> 01:10:21,199
we're polluting it we're um we're over

1893
01:10:25,990 --> 01:10:24,480
using it we're um wasting it you know

1894
01:10:28,630 --> 01:10:26,000
it's um

1895
01:10:30,390 --> 01:10:28,640
it's important for us to kind of have a

1896
01:10:33,430 --> 01:10:30,400
paradigm shift

1897
01:10:36,149 --> 01:10:33,440
in how we value the natural resources

1898
01:10:39,110 --> 01:10:36,159
available to us and if we are able to do

1899
01:10:42,070 --> 01:10:39,120
that and if we're able to safeguard our

1900
01:10:45,590 --> 01:10:42,080
our soil our water our atmosphere

1901
01:10:48,870 --> 01:10:45,600
um and to keep our temperature range

1902
01:10:50,550 --> 01:10:48,880
viable for human life then um yeah our

1903
01:10:52,070 --> 01:10:50,560
kids and grandkids will be just fine if

1904
01:10:54,070 --> 01:10:52,080
we can do all of those things and we

1905
01:10:57,669 --> 01:10:54,080
have the technology and

1906
01:11:00,310 --> 01:10:57,679
and uh we just need the will to do it

1907
01:11:02,870 --> 01:11:00,320
i've been um thank you megan that's i

1908
01:11:03,990 --> 01:11:02,880
think i see the cat finally um yeah yeah

1909
01:11:08,149 --> 01:11:04,000
sorry

1910
01:11:10,870 --> 01:11:08,159
if i keep them out then they yell to

1911
01:11:12,550 --> 01:11:10,880
come in so i figured this out

1912
01:11:14,149 --> 01:11:12,560
um

1913
01:11:15,430 --> 01:11:14,159
i was just say you know at my

1914
01:11:17,350 --> 01:11:15,440
institution

1915
01:11:20,229 --> 01:11:17,360
one thing that um

1916
01:11:22,229 --> 01:11:20,239
kind of i and collectively other people

1917
01:11:23,430 --> 01:11:22,239
are working on is is trying to get you

1918
01:11:25,430 --> 01:11:23,440
know like when

1919
01:11:28,390 --> 01:11:25,440
when our institution is looking at a new

1920
01:11:30,310 --> 01:11:28,400
project you know to build in what that

1921
01:11:32,149 --> 01:11:30,320
you know there is a cost of carbon and

1922
01:11:35,110 --> 01:11:32,159
we can we can like

1923
01:11:37,669 --> 01:11:35,120
economists have like pegged an actual

1924
01:11:40,630 --> 01:11:37,679
amount to that which is you know

1925
01:11:43,189 --> 01:11:40,640
you know the cost of all the like damage

1926
01:11:45,590 --> 01:11:43,199
that it does you know to human life and

1927
01:11:47,830 --> 01:11:45,600
ecosystems you know so there there is an

1928
01:11:48,790 --> 01:11:47,840
economic framework for us to actually

1929
01:11:51,110 --> 01:11:48,800
value

1930
01:11:52,709 --> 01:11:51,120
these services that megan was talking

1931
01:11:54,870 --> 01:11:52,719
about and

1932
01:11:57,430 --> 01:11:54,880
you know and and so like you know when

1933
01:11:59,110 --> 01:11:57,440
an institution is like we want to build

1934
01:12:01,750 --> 01:11:59,120
a new building you know and they create

1935
01:12:04,070 --> 01:12:01,760
a budget for that building

1936
01:12:06,550 --> 01:12:04,080
you know pushing for them to include in

1937
01:12:08,950 --> 01:12:06,560
that budget that you know the

1938
01:12:11,830 --> 01:12:08,960
like the cost of the carbon associated

1939
01:12:14,310 --> 01:12:11,840
with that building right and and

1940
01:12:16,149 --> 01:12:14,320
so i think it's maybe

1941
01:12:18,550 --> 01:12:16,159
yeah broadening out our economic

1942
01:12:20,870 --> 01:12:18,560
framework and to realize that you know

1943
01:12:23,110 --> 01:12:20,880
these um

1944
01:12:25,590 --> 01:12:23,120
things like climate change and pollution

1945
01:12:27,910 --> 01:12:25,600
and they they have actual costs and

1946
01:12:30,790 --> 01:12:27,920
economists have pegged dollar values to

1947
01:12:32,630 --> 01:12:30,800
those costs um based on the damages that

1948
01:12:34,630 --> 01:12:32,640
they do to people's lives and

1949
01:12:36,630 --> 01:12:34,640
productivity which has impacts on the

1950
01:12:39,110 --> 01:12:36,640
larger economy and so

1951
01:12:41,189 --> 01:12:39,120
i think trying to feed that into the way

1952
01:12:43,189 --> 01:12:41,199
that we make decisions and

1953
01:12:45,350 --> 01:12:43,199
and think about what the true cost of a

1954
01:12:47,270 --> 01:12:45,360
project is i think is a really important

1955
01:12:48,950 --> 01:12:47,280
way to move forward that's really

1956
01:12:51,030 --> 01:12:48,960
interesting and something i would have

1957
01:12:52,630 --> 01:12:51,040
never thought of i do want to answer uh

1958
01:12:53,510 --> 01:12:52,640
get a couple of chat questions that are

1959
01:12:54,390 --> 01:12:53,520
up there

1960
01:12:55,990 --> 01:12:54,400
um

1961
01:12:58,070 --> 01:12:56,000
this gentleman claims he's been looking

1962
01:13:00,950 --> 01:12:58,080
into this quite a while do you

1963
01:13:02,830 --> 01:13:00,960
understand that question since ipcc was

1964
01:13:05,590 --> 01:13:02,840
formed our emissions of

1965
01:13:08,229 --> 01:13:05,600
ghgs has doubled another group of

1966
01:13:09,910 --> 01:13:08,239
countries should be formed who want to

1967
01:13:11,990 --> 01:13:09,920
do something about it do you understand

1968
01:13:15,510 --> 01:13:12,000
that question either one of you

1969
01:13:17,669 --> 01:13:15,520
um i think you say so the ipcc is the

1970
01:13:20,149 --> 01:13:17,679
intergovernmental panel for climate

1971
01:13:22,470 --> 01:13:20,159
change so it's a group of

1972
01:13:24,950 --> 01:13:22,480
scientists and i think policymakers you

1973
01:13:27,430 --> 01:13:24,960
know that have come together and

1974
01:13:29,990 --> 01:13:27,440
um have you know put out

1975
01:13:31,669 --> 01:13:30,000
these pretty regular reports kind of on

1976
01:13:33,510 --> 01:13:31,679
the status of

1977
01:13:35,669 --> 01:13:33,520
you know what the climate is and what

1978
01:13:37,750 --> 01:13:35,679
the impacts are and you know what what

1979
01:13:39,510 --> 01:13:37,760
we know is certainty and

1980
01:13:41,430 --> 01:13:39,520
less certainty based on kind of the

1981
01:13:44,870 --> 01:13:41,440
state of the science

1982
01:13:46,709 --> 01:13:44,880
um and so ghd is greenhouse gases so

1983
01:13:48,149 --> 01:13:46,719
this person is saying that you know

1984
01:13:49,910 --> 01:13:48,159
since this

1985
01:13:51,590 --> 01:13:49,920
effort to kind of

1986
01:13:54,149 --> 01:13:51,600
document what the

1987
01:13:56,310 --> 01:13:54,159
science what is known about climate

1988
01:13:58,470 --> 01:13:56,320
change um our missions have continued to

1989
01:13:59,830 --> 01:13:58,480
double

1990
01:14:00,950 --> 01:13:59,840
i don't know about another group of

1991
01:14:02,870 --> 01:14:00,960
countries

1992
01:14:05,430 --> 01:14:02,880
um

1993
01:14:07,590 --> 01:14:05,440
should be formed i guess maybe the

1994
01:14:09,990 --> 01:14:07,600
country's involved in the ipcc i mean i

1995
01:14:11,510 --> 01:14:10,000
think this is this is more it's less an

1996
01:14:13,590 --> 01:14:11,520
issue about the science which i feel

1997
01:14:15,830 --> 01:14:13,600
like the ipcc is about

1998
01:14:18,550 --> 01:14:15,840
trying to inform and motivate the policy

1999
01:14:20,149 --> 01:14:18,560
makers and i think it's the greenhouse

2000
01:14:21,910 --> 01:14:20,159
gases have doubled

2001
01:14:24,149 --> 01:14:21,920
not because of a lack of scientific

2002
01:14:25,830 --> 01:14:24,159
understanding but really kind of a lack

2003
01:14:27,510 --> 01:14:25,840
of political will

2004
01:14:30,790 --> 01:14:27,520
yeah i would say science has been

2005
01:14:33,910 --> 01:14:30,800
crystal clear for decades yes yes the

2006
01:14:35,830 --> 01:14:33,920
science has been crystal clear and also

2007
01:14:38,790 --> 01:14:35,840
we have to be

2008
01:14:41,910 --> 01:14:38,800
the people that make our nation the

2009
01:14:44,550 --> 01:14:41,920
united states be a leader in renewable

2010
01:14:45,350 --> 01:14:44,560
energies and then decarbonization we

2011
01:14:47,990 --> 01:14:45,360
like

2012
01:14:50,149 --> 01:14:48,000
you know pretty much most of the

2013
01:14:52,950 --> 01:14:50,159
countries in the world are are part of

2014
01:14:53,830 --> 01:14:52,960
this intergovernmental organization

2015
01:14:56,229 --> 01:14:53,840
um

2016
01:14:58,709 --> 01:14:56,239
the ipcc most of them are i would say

2017
01:15:01,430 --> 01:14:58,719
like they're like a handful

2018
01:15:03,750 --> 01:15:01,440
that are not and so for tho that handful

2019
01:15:06,470 --> 01:15:03,760
of nations to stand up to

2020
01:15:09,430 --> 01:15:06,480
um the biggest emitters

2021
01:15:12,310 --> 01:15:09,440
is like trying to defeat goliath and so

2022
01:15:15,830 --> 01:15:12,320
like we need to kind of be the

2023
01:15:18,390 --> 01:15:15,840
the force from within from um from

2024
01:15:21,669 --> 01:15:18,400
the the most powerful nation the biggest

2025
01:15:24,630 --> 01:15:21,679
emitter to change our behavior use your

2026
01:15:26,390 --> 01:15:24,640
voice use it it's it's powerful we have

2027
01:15:27,910 --> 01:15:26,400
these thoughts in our brains that we can

2028
01:15:30,229 --> 01:15:27,920
communicate with these sounds with our

2029
01:15:32,790 --> 01:15:30,239
mouths and it's important that we

2030
01:15:35,350 --> 01:15:32,800
work together to to to build a

2031
01:15:36,950 --> 01:15:35,360
sustainable future so that yeah we can

2032
01:15:38,709 --> 01:15:36,960
we can pass the planet down it's a

2033
01:15:41,189 --> 01:15:38,719
really cool planet i think it's awesome

2034
01:15:43,990 --> 01:15:41,199
it's amazing i do i almost want to end

2035
01:15:46,709 --> 01:15:44,000
on that note but i do want to i do want

2036
01:15:48,390 --> 01:15:46,719
to discuss this quickly uh china is the

2037
01:15:49,910 --> 01:15:48,400
worst environmental criminal in every

2038
01:15:51,910 --> 01:15:49,920
measurable way

2039
01:15:54,470 --> 01:15:51,920
because becca we were talking a little

2040
01:15:55,750 --> 01:15:54,480
bit about this before megan came on

2041
01:15:57,990 --> 01:15:55,760
ahead of the show

2042
01:16:00,550 --> 01:15:58,000
uh ahead of in the back in the back room

2043
01:16:04,229 --> 01:16:00,560
before we went live and you were you

2044
01:16:08,630 --> 01:16:04,239
kind of said that if if china china is

2045
01:16:10,550 --> 01:16:08,640
starting to uh work on their climate um

2046
01:16:12,470 --> 01:16:10,560
pollution

2047
01:16:14,070 --> 01:16:12,480
well okay so i would say that you know

2048
01:16:16,229 --> 01:16:14,080
again

2049
01:16:18,630 --> 01:16:16,239
in the u.s right we have followed this

2050
01:16:20,950 --> 01:16:18,640
path of development china is following

2051
01:16:21,990 --> 01:16:20,960
the same path that we took so

2052
01:16:27,189 --> 01:16:22,000
you know we

2053
01:16:29,030 --> 01:16:27,199
emitted co2 in the atmosphere

2054
01:16:31,270 --> 01:16:29,040
you know and i think

2055
01:16:33,189 --> 01:16:31,280
you know china's more or less following

2056
01:16:34,950 --> 01:16:33,199
that same trajectory so

2057
01:16:36,870 --> 01:16:34,960
um i don't think we can

2058
01:16:38,790 --> 01:16:36,880
consider ourselves blameless i think

2059
01:16:41,030 --> 01:16:38,800
it's just you know we're further along

2060
01:16:43,510 --> 01:16:41,040
this pathway so we now have the benefit

2061
01:16:45,669 --> 01:16:43,520
of hindsight and and like you know

2062
01:16:46,630 --> 01:16:45,679
moving into the space where we

2063
01:16:48,229 --> 01:16:46,640
you know

2064
01:16:49,990 --> 01:16:48,239
are paying attention to these

2065
01:16:51,750 --> 01:16:50,000
environmental issues

2066
01:16:53,830 --> 01:16:51,760
um

2067
01:16:54,709 --> 01:16:53,840
you know i think china

2068
01:16:57,350 --> 01:16:54,719
um

2069
01:17:01,189 --> 01:16:57,360
also per person we are still emitting

2070
01:17:02,630 --> 01:17:01,199
more co2 than a chinese individual is

2071
01:17:04,550 --> 01:17:02,640
right so

2072
01:17:06,550 --> 01:17:04,560
um we need to kind of keep that

2073
01:17:07,910 --> 01:17:06,560
perspective in mind

2074
01:17:09,830 --> 01:17:07,920
um

2075
01:17:11,030 --> 01:17:09,840
you know that said like

2076
01:17:13,590 --> 01:17:11,040
china

2077
01:17:15,510 --> 01:17:13,600
is putting coal into the atmosphere and

2078
01:17:16,630 --> 01:17:15,520
is emitting you know large amounts of

2079
01:17:18,310 --> 01:17:16,640
co2

2080
01:17:21,750 --> 01:17:18,320
i think maybe the thing i was saying is

2081
01:17:22,950 --> 01:17:21,760
that um if china decided

2082
01:17:49,189 --> 01:17:22,960
i

2083
01:17:51,350 --> 01:17:49,199
when they want to

2084
01:17:54,070 --> 01:17:51,360
they built the wall for crying out loud

2085
01:17:56,070 --> 01:17:54,080
um so this this question here what is

2086
01:17:59,189 --> 01:17:56,080
the what is your opinion opinion about

2087
01:18:02,070 --> 01:17:59,199
the biosphere 2 and ariz i do you know

2088
01:18:05,510 --> 01:18:02,080
anything about that the biosphere 2 was

2089
01:18:08,470 --> 01:18:05,520
an attempt for us to recreate earth with

2090
01:18:10,790 --> 01:18:08,480
like multiple different types of

2091
01:18:13,110 --> 01:18:10,800
landscapes and

2092
01:18:15,110 --> 01:18:13,120
different organisms all working together

2093
01:18:17,590 --> 01:18:15,120
um and it was a really cool idea but it

2094
01:18:20,149 --> 01:18:17,600
was an utter failure and like the it was

2095
01:18:22,630 --> 01:18:20,159
an enclosed space and the

2096
01:18:25,270 --> 01:18:22,640
humans living there and documenting the

2097
01:18:28,470 --> 01:18:25,280
experiment were like hey we're losing

2098
01:18:30,229 --> 01:18:28,480
oxygen right and they eventually had to

2099
01:18:32,550 --> 01:18:30,239
scrap the project because they couldn't

2100
01:18:34,709 --> 01:18:32,560
solve why the oxygen levels were

2101
01:18:36,950 --> 01:18:34,719
dropping so dramatically and i think

2102
01:18:39,430 --> 01:18:36,960
that really just illustrates that like

2103
01:18:40,950 --> 01:18:39,440
earth is very complex and it's all these

2104
01:18:44,550 --> 01:18:40,960
systems working together it's like a

2105
01:18:45,990 --> 01:18:44,560
human body except a planet-sized scale

2106
01:18:46,950 --> 01:18:46,000
and so we

2107
01:18:47,830 --> 01:18:46,960
we

2108
01:18:53,110 --> 01:18:47,840
don't

2109
01:18:55,110 --> 01:18:53,120
individual and like our collective

2110
01:18:57,350 --> 01:18:55,120
knowledge of how the planet works is

2111
01:19:00,149 --> 01:18:57,360
improving all the time but it's it's not

2112
01:19:02,229 --> 01:19:00,159
complete it's not perfect and

2113
01:19:04,070 --> 01:19:02,239
um that experiment really showed that

2114
01:19:06,310 --> 01:19:04,080
like we can't engineer something as

2115
01:19:08,550 --> 01:19:06,320
complex as earth and to figure out all

2116
01:19:09,470 --> 01:19:08,560
the moving pieces and all their

2117
01:19:12,310 --> 01:19:09,480
um

2118
01:19:14,550 --> 01:19:12,320
biogeological chemical processes that

2119
01:19:16,870 --> 01:19:14,560
unfold in order to sustain

2120
01:19:19,990 --> 01:19:16,880
the multitude of life that the planet is

2121
01:19:21,189 --> 01:19:20,000
able to sustain um so like

2122
01:19:28,470 --> 01:19:21,199
it

2123
01:19:29,430 --> 01:19:28,480
we we aren't capable of building a

2124
01:19:33,910 --> 01:19:29,440
planet

2125
01:19:37,189 --> 01:19:33,920
um because there's a lot of information

2126
01:19:39,750 --> 01:19:37,199
that we're missing so yeah i believe

2127
01:19:41,430 --> 01:19:39,760
that so i think we can

2128
01:19:44,870 --> 01:19:41,440
say good night but i like the way you

2129
01:19:48,070 --> 01:19:44,880
were talking me this is i agree i love

2130
01:19:50,550 --> 01:19:48,080
i love nature and this is a beautiful

2131
01:19:52,790 --> 01:19:50,560
planet and the only one we have and you

2132
01:19:54,229 --> 01:19:52,800
look back at the blue marble as they did

2133
01:19:56,149 --> 01:19:54,239
you know from space

2134
01:19:58,790 --> 01:19:56,159
and everything that's ever happened that

2135
01:20:00,790 --> 01:19:58,800
we know about has happened here and we

2136
01:20:02,070 --> 01:20:00,800
really do have to protect it any final

2137
01:20:11,830 --> 01:20:02,080
words either one of you would like to

2138
01:20:15,990 --> 01:20:13,669
we need to act and

2139
01:20:18,709 --> 01:20:16,000
um you know and we got to keep that

2140
01:20:19,510 --> 01:20:18,719
balance of urgency and optimism to the

2141
01:20:24,229 --> 01:20:19,520
yeah

2142
01:20:26,470 --> 01:20:24,239
completely overwhelmed by this like i

2143
01:20:27,910 --> 01:20:26,480
had a bad mental health day today and i

2144
01:20:29,750 --> 01:20:27,920
was like oh i'm gonna like do this

2145
01:20:33,510 --> 01:20:29,760
podcast and i i think about it

2146
01:20:35,510 --> 01:20:33,520
constantly um rebecca obviously also is

2147
01:20:37,030 --> 01:20:35,520
she's a climate professional i'm a i'm a

2148
01:20:39,510 --> 01:20:37,040
climate writer i think about this

2149
01:20:41,830 --> 01:20:39,520
constantly so i know it's easy to

2150
01:20:44,470 --> 01:20:41,840
despair but like nihilism isn't a choice

2151
01:20:47,510 --> 01:20:44,480
man it's in our genes to want to survive

2152
01:20:49,830 --> 01:20:47,520
we literally like you know the earth

2153
01:20:51,910 --> 01:20:49,840
if you compare it to the titanic like

2154
01:20:54,149 --> 01:20:51,920
it's taken on water right now but we can

2155
01:20:56,229 --> 01:20:54,159
bail it if we all work together like we

2156
01:20:59,590 --> 01:20:56,239
got to start bailing now but it's like

2157
01:21:01,110 --> 01:20:59,600
it's it's ingrained into our beings to

2158
01:21:02,790 --> 01:21:01,120
want to get away from the water that's

2159
01:21:05,669 --> 01:21:02,800
trying to kill us so

2160
01:21:09,110 --> 01:21:05,679
we can do this we have the technology we

2161
01:21:11,189 --> 01:21:09,120
have economic tools available to us to

2162
01:21:12,390 --> 01:21:11,199
incentivize the changes that need to

2163
01:21:14,550 --> 01:21:12,400
occur

2164
01:21:16,229 --> 01:21:14,560
and we really just need to we need to

2165
01:21:17,590 --> 01:21:16,239
get that political will and that

2166
01:21:20,870 --> 01:21:17,600
cultural shift

2167
01:21:23,189 --> 01:21:20,880
and um economic revaluation

2168
01:21:24,790 --> 01:21:23,199
as part of mainstream as part of what

2169
01:21:26,149 --> 01:21:24,800
we're all working toward together

2170
01:21:28,390 --> 01:21:26,159
because um

2171
01:21:30,390 --> 01:21:28,400
yeah we're we're on this earth ship this

2172
01:21:32,229 --> 01:21:30,400
rock floating in space and it's

2173
01:21:34,470 --> 01:21:32,239
protected from the solar winds by a

2174
01:21:36,709 --> 01:21:34,480
magnetic field and we have air to

2175
01:21:37,590 --> 01:21:36,719
breathe and water to drink and

2176
01:21:41,110 --> 01:21:37,600
um

2177
01:21:43,830 --> 01:21:41,120
that that is worth more money than could

2178
01:21:46,070 --> 01:21:43,840
even be fathomed it's it's invaluable

2179
01:21:48,070 --> 01:21:46,080
it's everything it is everything all

2180
01:21:50,310 --> 01:21:48,080
right you too thank you so much

2181
01:22:12,310 --> 01:21:50,320
all right everyone thanks for watching